Malaysia Is A Multicultural Society Media Essay

Malaysia Is A Multicultural Society Media seekIntroductionMalaysia is a multicultural hunting lodge of which the population is made up by divergent types of culturalal conclaves includes Malays, Chinese, Indian and the Native. In fact, different social groups control their possess history, culture, belief system, value and language, there is thus maven among different ethnics is important in Malaysia (Economic Planning Unit, 2011). However, Malaysia has faced racial and ethnic tension due to the socio-economic and cultural differences after the independence of Malaysia in 1957. This racial conflict has lead to the development of several organization policies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the New Economic Policy and National Development Policy.Having realised the vastness to maintain and enhance the wholeness among passel of different ethnics, the 1 Malaysian fantasy was introduced in 2009. Under the nonion of 1 Malaysia concept of throng First, Performance Now, t he government is trying to promote unity in the society by considering fair distri notwithstandingion and access in economic in the country (1Malaysia, 2012). It is therefore very important to promote the 1 Malaysia idea and push the acceptance of the citizens of Malaysia.One way promoting the concept to the world is by ungenerouss of the mass media. In the past, mainstream media like television, intelligence developmentpaper and radio has compete an important role in promoting governments ideology and policies (Hashim, 2011). This thus suggested that media is able to shape an important role in promoting the 1 Malaysia concept. It has the capabilities to educate the public on the importance of unity by promoting the understanding and the acceptance of other ethnic culture.. Regardless, the mainstream media in Malaysia everto a greater extent been known as a great piece on nation-building and social cohesion, rather than on vacatedom of information (Kenyon Marjoribanks, 2 007). It focuses in the main on confirming stories reporting that is biased to the political elite (Anuar, 2000). This because just about of the mainstream media outlets argon basically owned by the government of Malaysia or in camera owned by the parties that film close relationship to the Prime pastor or the members of comp anent parties of the Barisan Nasional coalition government (Hassan, 2012).Therefore, the aim of this study is to deal about the ways of the mainstream media are employ to encourage the acceptance of the 1 Malaysia apprehension the citizens of Malaysia and whether this go upes will generate the craved out start.DiscussionThe mainstream media in Malaysia plays a critical important role in realising 1 Malaysia image. The first approach of the mainstream media is used by government as the channel to educate the ideas of 1 Malaysia to the monstrous public. The traditional media such as the television, radio and newspaper generate always been the core me dia of information dissemination (Hashim, 2011). For instances, the largest conglomerate Media Prima as well as a number of television radio bring and Malay, Chinese, English-language newspapers such as Utusan Melayu, The Stars and Sinchew are owned and controlled by the government (Weiss, 2012). As such, the government policies are easily to micturate any publicity and free space in these mainstream media. The nubs of 1 Malaysia belief from these mainstream media often portrayed the desired images of 1 Malaysia, of which the people of different races live together in agreement (Hassan, 2008). Other than that, mainstream media always has been the resistive backbone to the 1 Malaysia fancy as the effort with the government to strengthen peace and harmony in the country.As a confirming argument to the previous discussion, the agenda setting scheme explains the powerful influence in the media that able to create public sentience on important hold outs (Mccombs, 2002). The m edia cannot tell what the people to think but has the index to inform the people what to think about (Cohen, 1963). In other words, mainstream media overdress the importance of an issue such as 1 Malaysia through the repeat of news (Hashim, 2011). The racial riot that happened in the past has caused Malaysians sensitivity to the issue that is related to ethnicity and races. Thus, national unity has become the top agenda to the public and thus it has become a political discourse in Malaysia. By taking this opportunity, the Malaysia Government has utilised the mainstream media in disseminates the messages and information regarding the 1 Malaysia model. Likewise, the government are telling the public the ideas that they wish the public to accept and support. Eventually, 1 Malaysia Concept is aims to strengthen the unity and harmony of people from different ethnics. Therefore, the mainstream media has successfully created the science of the public that unity among differences ethnic s as the important agenda in Malaysia which then attract their attention toward the 1 Malaysia Concept.Example in distributively occasion of the important feast such as Merdeka Day celebration, Hari Raya Festivals, Chinese New Year celebrations and Deepavali, the Prime Minister would deliver the speech with the association with the spirit of 1Malaysia. By that time, all(prenominal) mainstream television channel in Malaysia such as TV1, TV2, TV3, NTV7, 8TV and TV9 will lay down to broadcast his speech. In another example, we always can see the mainstream newspaper published a full paginate of advertising that is related to the 1 Malaysia policies along with the tagline people first, performance now.In addition, mainstream media is being used by government to remind or reinforce 1 Malaysia concept to the public. As we can see, everyday Malaysian citizen and in any case foreigner have been bombarded by with the messages of 1 Malaysian Concept by the mainstream media. The 1 Mala ysia logo is ubiquitous due to mass advertising and commercials in mainstream media (Hashim, 2011). Along with the logo, the tagline people first, performance now has become the identification of 1 Malaysia Concept to the public through the repetition in mainstream media. In fact, mainstream media has champion to promote 1 Malaysia by keep emphasise on the tagline since the great unwashed First, Performance Now in 2009 and the entirely move on to Generating variety in 2010, Transformation Successful People Prosperous in 2010 and public treasury the recent theme Promises Fulfilled in 2012 (1Malaysia, 2012). The purpose is to reinforce perception and behaviours of the public. The repetition of viewing the logo and tagline of 1 Malaysia have indirectly cause on informing the public what the government is focusing on this concept.The homogeneous example can be seen when the public service announcements related to 1 Malaysia are often been aired and published on government and pr ivately owned television, radio and newspaper. The PSA usually related to various ethnic festivals that celebrated in Malaysia and thus signify the meaning that emancipation of festival celebration. Nevertheless, mainstream main media has portrayed these different ethnic celebrations the public by showing the Malaysian are celebrating with each other in the festival regardless of race and religion (Hashim, 2011). In addition, we often can see the ministries or any government agencies tied up 1 Malaysia tagline in every program such like 1 Belia, 1 Malaysia by the Ministry of young and Sports and other programs such Bantuan Rakyat 1 Malaysia. Thus, the government programs usually connotes with the 1 Malaysia identity element by mainstream media.The role of the mainstream media is not just to disseminate the 1 Malaysia Concept but excessively to advocate and shape the attitudes of the public. In fact, the mainstream media has momentively created bandwagon effect in mass business advertising by using 1 Malaysia Concept. 1 Malaysia has eventually received support from various arranging including reach and non-profit organisation. These organisations usually associate their brands product or service with 1 Malaysia Concept (Hashim, 2011). Television and radio commercials created by businesses organisation would likely to include the message of unity with the presence and the voice of different races and ethnics. The first example of organisation association with the promotion of 1 Malaysia is Petronas Corporation. In fact, Petronas has been famous with their social integrated adverts with the purpose of promoting national unity. Since 1 Malaysia Concept has been introduced in 2009, Petronas has created the advertisements that associate with the 1 Malaysia Concept every year in the major Malaysias festival such as Merdeka Day celebration, Hari Raya Festivals, Chinese New Year celebrations and Deepavali. The messages in the advertisement usually consist of i mplied meaning and also able to arouse audiences emotion.Furthermore, large national corporations such as Media Prima, Astro, Tenaga Basional Berhad and Telco such as Telekom, Maxis and Celcom have also come up with the commercial that are related to 1 Malaysia Concept. The commercial often tied up with the concept of 1 Malaysia where the messages of unity has been delivered. The commercials are basically known as issue advocacy advertisement which the advertisement is not intended to sell the product or services, but rather to modification the publics perception and behaviour through political stigmatization (Barrons Dictionary, n,d). In fact, the commercial by in the mainstream media usually showing Malaysia different races particular Malay, Chinese and Indian interact or either get along with each other.Would it generate the desired outcome?In my reliance, the function of mainstream media may not able to generate the desired outcome of the 1 Malaysia Concept. By highlighting the mainstream media are used by government to encourage the acceptance of 1 Malaysia Concept, several social science theories have been selected to support on my opinion.According to limited-effect theory, the media rarely have direct influence on the individuals. The theory also explains that an individuals behaviour and attitudes are not easily changed by their reception and people usually tend to ignore political media content. Although mainstream media are used by government to promote 1 Malaysia Concept, it is still not sufficient enough to encourage the acceptance of the citizen of Malaysia. The definition gives an insight that the people in nowadays is no longer passive and vulnerable only to media content. People are able judge the media content according to their own interpretation from what they have perceived. Individual may exposed themselves to mainstream media in their day-to-day routine, but they might not been influence by the 1 Malaysia Concept by merely just loo king at it.As indicated in the previous point, the limited-effect theory also explains two-step flow of media influence. Media does not have direct influences to the population which from the mainstream media, the 1 Malaysia Concept are usually allude to the mass population through the dissemination by the opinion leaders. The opinion leaders must be someone that is credible and usually an spry media user. People constantly turn to opinion leader for advice particular when come to something that is new in the society like 1 Malaysia Concept sooner of getting the cite of information from the media. Therefore, mainstream media is less influential compare to the mankind communication.Moreover, human behaviour attitudes and belief is hard to predict and influences because it may change from time to time. The main factor that determines a person attitude is positive, prohibit or maybe neutral. A person attitude towards 1 Malaysia Concept might be changed based on the personal exper iences, environment and etcetera Therefore, the selective exposure explains that people tend to expose themselves to messages that are unchanging with their pre-existing attitudes and belief. The mainstream media might be able to influence those who are supportive and have positive perception toward the government policies. However, for those people that tend to have negative attitudes and belief towards the government such as the citizen that support to the opposer political parties, the outcome may be different. If the opinion leader that has been encountered consists of positive or negative beliefs and value towards the government policies, the followers might been influenced by him.Besides, 1 Malaysia Concept has faced up with various challenges including the new media technologies. The uses and ecstasy theory argued that different people use the media for different purposes (Sheldon, 2007). One of the assumptions of this theory explains that the audiences have the choice to select different kind of media. Thus, the audiences use the media more own their own benefits than the media can manipulate them. The audiences have the right or control to received any information from the media rather than been influenced by it. In fact, people now have much choice of media compare to the past, Mainstream media such television, radio and newspaper has compete with the new media. The internet technologies allow freedom of expression where everyone can write, criticize and comment anything on the internet. The alternative online news organization like Malaysiakini and Malaysia Today who always stand to challenge of the governments effort, aims mainly to present news, especially from the different perspectives that not already covered by mainstream media (George, 2006). Thus, it has become one of the challenges for 1 Malaysia Concept to be full sure by public.This is due to the development of internet technologies allow the users closer to the bona fide informati on compare to the other media (Hashim, 2011). Therefore, because of internet, human behaviours changed and mainstream media has been view as a medium to brainwash the audience for the government interest. When 1 Malaysia concept has been shown in the mainstream media, the audiences will tend to doubt about motives behind it. Therefore, the internet has fall the people perception and thus becoming active and sensible media users who do not simply accept and agree with government policies particular has been shown in mainstream media.In addition, nearly the younger generations are seldom exposed themselves to the mainstream media. On the other hand, mainstream media has become alternative medium for information to some group of people. Internet served as a new inspirational medium of information without barriers. According to Ramasubramaniam (2011) explained people that with minimal interracial direct contact or which their source for information is only the mainstream media are mor e easily been manipulated by the government policies. The audience that only exposed themselves to only one source of information which had been controlled by the government are more vulnerable to accept the information from the mainstream media.ConclusionAs a conclusion, mainstream media in Malaysia has perceived as an important role in the government policies like 1 Malaysia Concept. This is because most of the mainstream media ownerships are closely tied to the government and ruling political party. Therefore, 1 Malaysia Concept being one of the government policies has the advantage being gap through the mainstream media in the country. The three main approaches of the mainstream media in Malaysia are used by the government are to educate the meaning of 1 Malaysia Concept and thus to reinforce and advocate the acceptance of the concept by citizen of Malaysia.However, these approaches would not bring the desired outcome of 1 Malaysia Concept because only the mean of mainstream me dia is not sufficient enough to influences the attitudes and beliefs of an individual. Besides, human communication is more powerful than mainstream media when particular related to something that is new. The emerging of the new media like internet technologies has also bring a significant impact to the mainstream media, thus it has become one of the greatest challenges for the 1 Malaysia Concept. Therefore, mainstream media is important to educate about 1 Malaysia concept but not to encourage the acceptance of the citizen of Malaysia.

The Transmission Electron Microscopy Biology Essay

The Transmission electron Microscopy Biology EssayThe transmitting negatron microscope ope directs on the kindred rudimentary principles as the vindicated microscope scarce uses negatrons instead of light. What you crapper see with a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light. TEMs use negatrons as light ancestry and their much petty(a)er wavelength discover it possible to get a closing a thousand quantify better than with a light microscope. TEM uses a technique whereby a institutionalise of electrons is transmitted by means of an ultra- come down pattern, interacting with the exemplification as it passes by. An kitchen stove is make from the interaction of the electrons transmitted by dint of the exemplar the plan is enlarge and focused onto an tomography device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a stratum of photographic film, or to be detected by a demodulator such as a CCD camera.TEMs ar capable of mental designry at a signifi lavatory tly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the splendid de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the peckers user to examine fine detail-even as minuscular as a single tugboat of atoms, which is tens of thousands fourth dimensions smaller than the smallest resolvable intent in a light microscope. TEM forms a guide analysis mode in a range of scientific battle celestial spheres, in both forcible and biological sciences. TEMs find application in squirtcer research, virology, materials science as well as pollution, nanotechnology, and semiconductor research.History of TEMsThe start- murder operational electron microscope was impersonateed by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1932, and 6 years later(prenominal) Ruska had a first version on the market. In 1986 Ruska received a Nobel Prize in physics for his fundamental work in electron opticals and for the design of the first electron microscope. The fol commencementing table gives a basic outline of the hi story of the electron microscope by decades.YearSpecimensApplication/ emergenceInstrumentation/ conjectureResolution1940sReplicasoxidecarbonplasticssurfacesslip st aurasextracted cave iniclesfractography-50kV, single galvanizing electrical electrical capacity-little or no theory a first basic theory of electron microscopy was published in 1949 by Heidenreich.10nm fiftiesThin foilsfrom bulkdepositeddefects level transitions- degree CelsiuskV- channel theory demonstrable.0.5-2nmmid-sixtiesmetalssemiconductorsceramicsmineralsDynamic unmoved(p) studiessubstructure of solidsradiation damagemicrodif part-high electric dominance electron microscopes (Toulouse 1.2 and 3MeV)-scanning electron microscopes-accessories for unchanged studies- attendled experiments0.3nm (transmission)15-20nm (scanning)seventiescatalystsquasicrystalsHigh resolution imaginglattice imaging- analytic transmission electron microscopy-scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectra-e lectron energy passing spectroscopy-commercial high emf electron microscopy (0.4-1.5MeV)-high resolution imaging theory0.2nm (transmission)7nm (standard scanning)eightiesvirtually all materialsatomic resolution in close-packed solidssurface imagingsmall particles-commercial medium-voltage high-resolution/ uninflected electron microscopy (300-four hundredkV)-improved analytical capabilities-energy filtering imaging-ultra-high vacancy cleaner microscopes0.15nm (transmission)5nm (scanning at 1kV)1990sfast computation for contrive simulationalloy designnanostructuresintegrated digital scanning and image processing-surface atomic microscopy-orientation imaging microscopy0.1nm (transmission)3nm (scanning at 1kV)2000selectron microscopy in the 1960sIn 1969 RCA dropped out of the electron microscope business, having decided that they could make more coin selling record albums and consumer electronic devices. General Electric had never engender a major power in the electron microscope business. This left the plain wide open for companies such as JEOL, Hitachi, and Akashi in Japan, and Philips, Siemens, and Zeiss in Europe.The resolution of the best TEMs was now approximately 0.3 nm (3 ) JEOL claimed a resolution of 0.2 nm (2 ) for its 1968 imitate JEM-100B. Accelerating voltages were still typically in the 100 kV range, although JEOL marketed a 200 kV instrument in 1967 called the JEM-200. Philips marketed a genuinely ordinary 100 kV microscope called the EM 300 in 1966. They claimed that this was the first fully-transistorized electron microscope, and that it could attain a point resolution of 0.5 nm (5 ). More than 1,850 units of the EM 300 were sold.Another approach to the study of materials that e unify in the 1960s entangled increasing the accelerating voltage of the electron petrol to extreme levels up to 3 MeV in an effort to penetrate more deeply into chummyer essays. CEMES-LOE/CNRS at Toulouse, France, developed a 3MeV instrument around 1965, fo llowed closely by JEOL, which released a 1 MeV microscope, the JEM-1000, in 1966. (One MeV represents a million electron volts, era one kV is a thousand electron volts. So 1,000 kV= 1 MeV.)These ultrahigh voltage EMs were so large that they typically occupied their own deuce-story building. The electron gun and its associated high voltage electronics were find near the ceiling of the second story, while the operator sat at the bottom of the microscope column looking at the fluorescent screen. Hitachis 1964 poseur HU-500 stood 4 amounts tall later, higher MeV versions eventually make this look small. On the left is a photograph of the 1 MeV atomic Resolution Microscope (ARM) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.electron microscopy in the 1970sThe 1970s were a time of rapid culture on all fronts in the electron microscope industry. Further improvements in TEM came from smarter electron sources (lanthanum hexaboride and surface bea arc guns).The resolution of the TEM was push ed to 0.2 nm (2 ) in the 1970s, with better results reported in some cases for lattice imaging resolutions Hitachi claimed a 1.4 lattice resolution for its 1975 model H-500 TEM, and JEOL claimed the same resolution for its 1973 model JEM-100C. Accelerating voltages of 100 kV maximum had become the norm.In discriminate to the low cost instruments, Philips 1972 model EM 301 TEM was designed for high performance and versatility for the ingenious operator who had the time to coax the best results from his instrument. The EM 400 introduced in 1975 used a LAB6 electron gun, which was ten times as bright as the standard tungsten filament at the time. On the bug out side, the reactivity of lanthanum hexaboride directd an ultra-clean vacuum system of 10-6 Torr. In 1977 Philips introduced accessories for the EM 400, including a secondary electron detector for reachographical studies and a field emission gun (FEG) a single crystal tungsten bullock filament that emits electrons from a v ery localized region of the tip to reveal narrow, bright electron glows. FEGs can have100 to 1,000 times the brightness of a LAB6 filament, with electron rotating shaft diameters as small as 1 nm. Vacuum requirements for these FEGs are 10-10 Torr.JEOL started with the JEM-100B Analytical model in 1970, which added scanning ability and an EDX x-ray spectrometer to the TEM. This was improved upon by the JEM-100C in 1973, with its 1.4 resolution, and further upgraded by the JEM-100CX Analytical model in 1976, which added an ultraclean vacuum system and a LAB6 electron gun.In the ultrahigh voltage EM market, The Hitachi 3MeV HU-3000 was installed at Osaka University in 1970. This accelerating voltage was the highest ever for an electron microscope. A resolution of 4.6 was reported for this instrument. The 1976 model H-1250 had a maximum voltage of 1250 kV, solely a superior resolution of 2.04 .Electron microscopy in the 1980sDuring the 1980s TEM resolutions were further reduced to 1.0 to 1.5, reservation imaging of atoms in lattice skips possible. Microprocessor take hold of microscopes and information processing systemized analysis of data became common due to the emergence of the personal computer in the early 80s. This microprocessor control brought almost such features as an auto-stigmator and auto-focus, tone ending the microscope operator from the mundane tasks that had always been involved in using the instrument. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) detectors were incorporated in STEMs and AEMs, relinquishing detection of low atomic modus operandi elements that could not be seen using x-ray techniques. The demands of the fast-growing(prenominal) integrated circuits industry produced electron microscopes designed for non-destructive testing of semiconductor wafers and for operative testing of ICs. Smaller electron radio beam sizes do it possible to transfer from microprobe to nanoprobe technology. Elemental mapping of a experiments su rface could now be through on a nanometer level.Development of low cost instruments was not a priority in the 1980s. virtually that were developed in the 1970s continued to be sold, but development was focused on high-performance, high-resolution, microprocessor-controlled instruments.JEOL produced 7 new TEM units mingled with 1980 and 1986. These included the JEM-1200 EX (1981), which added microprocessor control to the JEM-100 CX (1976). The same model equipped with an EDS x-ray spectrometer was called the JEM-1200 EX/Analytical microscope. The 1984 model JEM-2000 FX/Analytical had a maximum voltage of 200 kV and a resolution of 2.8 this instrument marked the switch from a microprobe beam to a nanoprobe. The JEM-4000 FX/Analytical microscope introduced in 1986 raised the acceleration voltage to 400 kV, which produced a beam probe size only 2 nm in diameter. After years of a standard 100 kV accelerating voltage with a few ultrahigh voltage units thrown in, these medium-voltage m icroscopes finally became popular.Electron microscopy in the 1990sThe 1990s produced some(prenominal) corporate mergers in the electron microscope industry. Carl Zeiss and Leica joined to form LEO Electron Microscopy, Inc. In 1996 Philips bought Electroscan, the developer of the environmental SEM in the 1980s, to form Philips Electroscan. The following year Philips Electron Optics and a company called FEI merged under the name FEI to continue manufacturing electron microscopes. Hitachi and JEOL remained independent entities.The resolution of TEMs had already reached its theoretical limit (the best possible resolution predicted by calculations), so the 1 resolution obtained using field emission gun (FEG) electron sources remained the standard. Medium voltage range instruments up to 300 kV were common, although 100 kV instruments still kept their big lasting popularity.Computers were now a vital part of every electron microscope, with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) existence the norm. They were involved in both the control of the instrument and the processing of data, including post-analysis enhancement of micrographs using contrast-enhancing software.JEOL offered TEMs with maximum accelerating voltages of 120, 200, and 300 kV. The 120 kV model JEM1230 had a resolution of 0.2 nm (2). The JEM-2010 F FasTEM (200 kV) and the JEM-3000 F FasTEM (300 kV) both used FEG sources and get throughd resolutions of 0.1 nm (1.0 ).Three meetings of the Electron Microscopy Society of the States (1968, 1975, and 1980)The Electron Microscopy Society of America (now know as the Microscopy Society of America) was founded in 1942, when it began holding annual meetings for instrument makers and users to gather and discuss the technology and its applications. The topics of papers given at these meetings present a snapshot of the state of electron microscopy at the time. A draft look at tierce of these meetings shows the evolution of the technology and its applications over a 1 2-year period.In the brief twelve-year span of 1968 to 1980, the forcible sciences overtook the biological sciences at EMSA meetings, judge solely on number of papers presented. A large part of this development is probably due to the emergence of the scanning electron microscope in 1965, which made examination of the surface of bulk standards possible for the first time. Since physical scientists could now look at real samples instead of replicas or thin films, activity in microscopy of materials additiond dramatically. With no similar dramatic development in biological microscopy, the balance shifted.The Science of TEMsComparison of Light (LM) and Electron Microscopes.a. Similarities1) Illumination system produces mandatory radiation and purports it onto the model. Consists of a source, which emits the radiation, and a condenser lens, which focuses the illuminating beam (allowing variations of intensity to be made) on the specimen.2) Specimen symbolize situated between the luminance and imaging systems.3) Imaging system Lenses which unneurotic produce the final magnified image of the specimen. Consists of i) an purpose lens which focuses the beam after it passes through the specimen and forms an intermediate image of the specimen and ii) the projector lens(es) which magnifies a portion of the intermediate image to form the final image.4) Image enter system Converts the radiation into a permanent image (typically on a photographic emulsion) that can be viewed.b. Differences1) Optical lenses are by and large made of glass with fixed focal lengths whereas charismatic lenses are constructed with ferromagnetic materials and windings of slob wire producing a focal length which can be changed by veering the watercourse through the coil.2) Magnification in the LM is generally changed by switching between different power objective lensive lenses attach on a rotating turret above the specimen. It can as well be changed if oculars (eyepieces) of diffe rent power are used. In the TEM the detonation (focal length) of the objective mud fixed while the focal length of the projector lens is changed to vary gush.3) The LM has a small depth of field, thus different focal levels can be seen in the specimen. The large (relative) depth of field in the TEM mean that the entire (thin) specimen is in focus simultaneously.4) Mechanisms of image formation vary ( configuration and amplitude contrast).5) TEMs are generally constructed with the radiation source at the top of the instrument the source is generally situated at the bottom of LMs.6) TEM is operated at high vacuum (since the mean free roadway of electrons in song is very small) so nearly specimens (biological) must be dehydrated.7) TEM specimens (biological) are quickly damaged by the electron beam.8) TEMs can achieve higher magnification and better resolution than LMs.9) Price tag (100x more than LM)Figure below shows the bumble- classal view of a standard TEM.Figure shows t he transmission electron microscope at The Chinese University of Hong Kong.Figure shows a schematic outline of a TEM. A TEM contains four parts electron source, electromagnetic lens system, sample toter, and imaging system.A. Electron SourceThe electron gun produces a beam of electrons whose kinetic energy is high enough to enable them to pass through thin areas of the TEM specimen. The gun consists of an electron source, also cognise as the cathode because it is at a high negative potential, and an electron-accelerating chamber. There are several(prenominal) types of electron source, operating on different physical principles, which we now discuss.i. thermionic sackFigure 3-1 shows a common form of electron gun. The electron source is a V-shaped (hairpin) filament made of tungsten (W) wire, spot-welded to straight-wire tends that are mounted in a ceramic or glass socket, allowing the filament assembly to be exchanged easily when the filament eventually burns out. A direct (dc) current heats the filament to about 2700 K, at which temperature tungsten emits electrons into the surrounding vacuum by the process known as thermionic emission.Figure 3-1.Thermionic electron gun containing a tungsten filament F, Wehnelt electrode W, ceramic high-octane insulator C, and o-ring seal O to the lower part of the TEM column. An autobias resistor, RB (actually located inside the high-voltage generator, as in Fig. 3-6) is used to generate a potential difference between W and F thereby dictatorial the electron-emission current, Ie. Arrows denote the direction of electron flow that gives rise to the emission current. height the temperature of the cathode causes the nuclei of its atoms to vibrate with increased amplitude. Because the conduction electrons are in thermodynamic chemical equilibrium with the atoms, they share this caloric energy, and a small proportion of them achieve energies above the vacuum level, enabling them to escape across the metal/vacuum interface.T he rate of electron emission can be represented as a current assiduousness Je(in A/m2) at the cathode surface, which is given by the Richardson fairnessWhere T is the absolute temperature (in K) of the cathode and A is the Richardson constant (106Am-2K-2), which depends to some degree on the cathode material but not on its temperature k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23J/K), and kT is approximately the mean thermal energy of an atom.ii. Schottky emissionThe thermionic emission of electrons can be increased by applying an electrostatic field to the cathode surface. This field lowers the height of the potential barrier (which keeps electrons inside the cathode) by an amount, the so-called Schottky effect.A Schottky source consists of a pointed crystal of tungsten welded to the end of V-shaped tungsten filament. The tip is coated with zirconium oxide (ZrO) to put up a low work enjoyment (2.8 eV) and needs to be heated to only about 1800 K to provide adequate electron emission . Because the tip is very sharp, electrons are emitted from a very small area, resulting in a relatively high current density ( Je 107A/m2) at the surface. Because the ZrO is easily poisoned by ambient gasconadees, the Schottky source requires a vacuum considerably better than that of a LaB6 source.iii. scope emissionIf the electrostatic field at a tip of a cathode is increased sufficiently, the width (horizontal in Fig.3-4) of the potential barrier becomes small enough to allow electrons to escape through the surface potential barrier by quantum- mechanical tunneling, a process known as field emission.The probability of electron tunneling becomes high when the barrier width, w is comparable to de Broglie wavelength of the electron. This wavelength is related to the electron momentum p by p=h/ where h= 6.63 x 10-34 Js is the Planck constant. Because the barrier width is smallest for electrons at the top of the conduction band, they are the ones most likely to escape.Because therm al ardour is not required, a field-emission tip can operate at mode temperature, and the process is sometimes called cold field emission. As there is no evaporation of tungsten during normal operation, the tip can last for umpteen months or even years before replacement. It is heated (flashed) from time to time to remove adsorbed gases, which affect the work function and cause the emission current to be unstable. Even so, cold field emission requires ultra-high vacuum (UHV nip 10-8 Pa) to achieve stable operation, requiring an elaborate vacuum system and resulting in substantially greater cost of the instrument.B. Electromagnetic Lens SystemThe TEM may be required to produce a highly magnified (e.g, M = 105) image of a specimen on a fluorescent screen, of diameter typically 15 cm. To ensure that the screen image is not too dim, most of the electrons that pass through the specimen should fall within this diameter, which is equivalent to a diameter of (15 cm)/M = 1.5 m at the spe cimen. For viewing larger areas of specimen, however, the final-image magnification might need to be as low as 2000, requiring an luminousness diameter of 75 m at the specimen. In order to achieve the required flexibility, the condenser-lens system must contain at to the lowest degree two electron lenses.The first condenser (C1) lens is a strong magnetic lens, with a focal length f that may be as small as 2 mm. Using the virtual electron source(diameter ds) as its object, C1 produces areal image of diameter d1. Because the lens is located 20 cm or more below the object, the object surpass, u 20 cm f and so the image distance v f.The second condenser (C2) lens is a weak magnetic lens ( f several centimeters) that provides little or no magnification (M 1) but allows the diameter of illumination (d) at the specimen to be varied continuously over a wide range. The C2 lens also contains the condenser aperture (the hole in the condenser diaphragm) whose diameter D can be changed i n order to control the convergence semi-angle of the illumination, the maximum angle by which the incident electrons deviate from the optic axis.Figure shows lens action within the accelerating field of an electron gun, between the electron source and the anode. Curvature of the equipotential surfaces around the hole in the Wehnelt electrode constitutes a converging electrostatic lens (equivalent to a convex lens in light optics), whereas the non-uniform field just above the aperture in the anode creates a divergent lens (the equivalent of a concave lens in light optics).C. Sample HolderTo allow observation in different brands or models of microscope, TEM specimens are always made circular with a diameter of 3 mm. Perpendicular to this disk, the specimen must be thin enough (at least in some regions) to allow electrons to be transmitted to form the magnified image. The specimen stage is designed to hold the specimen as nonmoving as possible, as any drift or vibration would be magn ified in the final image, impairing its spatial resolution (especially if the image is preserve by a camera over a period of several seconds). But in order to view all possible regions of the specimen, it is also necessary to move the specimen horizontally over a distance of up to3 mm if necessary.The design of the stage must also allow the specimen to be inserted into the vacuum of the TEM column without introducing air. This is achieved by inserting the specimen through an airlock, a small chamber into which the specimen is placed initially and which can be evacuated before the specimen enters the TEM column. Not surprisingly, the specimen stage and airlock are the most mechanically complex and precision-machined parts of the TEM. There are two basic designs of the specimen stage side-entry and top-entry.In a side-entry stage, the specimen is clamped (for example, by a threaded ring) close to the end of a baculiform specimen toter and is inserted horizontally through the airloc k. The airlock-evacuation valve and a high-vacuum valve (at the entrance to the TEM column) are activated by rotation of the specimen toter about its long axis see figure (a).One profit of this side-entry design is that it is scant(p) to arrange for precision motion of the specimen. Translation in the horizontal plane (x and y directions) and in the vertical (z) direction is often achieved by applying the inhibit movement to an end-stop that makes contact with the pointed end of the specimen holder. A further advantage of the side-entry stage is that heating of a specimen is easy to arrange, by install a small heater at the end of the specimen holder, with electrical leads running along the inside of the holder to a power summate located outside the TEM. The ability to change the temperature of a specimen allows morphologic changes in a material (such as phase transitions)to be canvas at the microscopic level. Specimen cooling can also be achieved, by incorporating (inside t he side-entry holder) a heat-conducting metal rod whose outer end is immersed in liquid nitrogen (at 77 K).One disadvantage of the side-entry design is that mechanical vibrationpicked up from the TEM column or from acoustical vibrations in the out-of-door air, is transmitted directly to the specimen. In addition, any thermal expansion of the specimen holder can cause drift of the specimen and of the TEM image. These problems have been generally overcome by careful design, including choice of materials used to construct the specimen holder. As a result, side-entry holders are widely used, even for high-resolution imaging.In a top-entry stage, the specimen is clamped to the bottom end of a cylindrical holder that is equipped with a conical collar see Figure (b). The holder is loaded into position through an airlock by means of a sliding and tilting arm, which is then detached and retracted. Inside the TEM, the cone of the specimen holder fits snugly into a conical well of the specim en stage, which can be translated in the (x and y) horizontal directions by a precision gear mechanism. The major advantage of a top-entry design is that the loading arm is disengaged after the specimen is loaded, so the specimen holder is less liable to pick up vibrations from the TEM environment. In addition, its axially symmetric design tends to ensure that any thermal expansion occurs radially about the optic axis and hence becomes small close to the axis.However, in disadvantage views, it is more difficult to provide tilting, heating, or cooling of the specimen. Although such facilities have all been implemented in top-entry stages, they require elaborate precision engineering, making the holder fragile and expensive. Because the specimen is held at the bottom of its holder, it is difficult to collect more than a small fraction of the x-rays that are generatedby the transmitted beam and emitted in the upward direction, making this design less attractive for high-sensitivity el emental analysis.D. Imaging SystemThe sample is placed in front of the objective lens in a form of thin foil, thin section or fine particles vaporific for the electron beam. (Figure. 3). The objective lens forms an image of the electron density statistical distribution at the exit surface of the specimen based on the electron optical principles. The diffraction, projection and intermediate lenses below the objective lens are used to focus and magnify either the diffraction pattern or the image onto a fluorescent screen, which converts the electrons into visible light signal. There are three important mechanisms, which produce image contrast in the electron microscope mass-thickness contrast, phase contrast and diffraction or amplitude contrast.i. Mass-thickness contrast arises from incoherent elastic sparge of electrons. As electrons go through the specimen they are mazed off axis by elastic nuclear interaction also called Rutherford scattering. The cross section for elastic scat tering is a function of the atomic number (Z). As the thickness of the specimen increases the elastic scattering also increases since the mean-free path remains fixed.Also specimens consisting of higher Z elements will scatter more electrons than low-Z specimens. This will create differential intensity in an image formed from thicker regions where fewer electrons will be transmitted to the image compared to a slender or low atomic number region, which will be brighter in the image plane. In TEM, the mass-thickness contrast is affected by the size of the objective aperture and the accelerating voltage. Smaller apertures will increase the difference in the ratio of scattered and transmitted electrons and as a consequence will increase the contrast between regions of different thickness of mass. Lowering the accelerating voltage will lead to similar effect since the scattering angle and the cross section increase which also will cause increase in the relative contrast between higher m ass and lower mass regions.ii. Phase contrast. Some of the electrons go forth the specimen are recombined to form the image so that phase differences present at the exit surface of the specimen are reborn into intensity differences in the image. Phase contrast is the dominant mechanism for object detail iii. Diffraction contrast. Diffracted electrons leaving the lower surface of a crystalline specimen are intercepted by the objective aperture and prevented from contributing to the image. Alternatively only one diffracted beam forms the image. Diffraction contrast is the dominant mechanism delineating object detail 15 in crystalline specimens and is important and widely used contrast mechanism for study of crystal defects. Using this approach considerable quantitative information about the defect structure of the specimen may be obtained without operating the microscope at maximum resolution.Vacuum SystemElectron microscopes cannot operate in air for a number of reasons. The penet ration of electrons through air is typically no more than 1 meter, so after coming on meter from the gun, the whole beam would be lost to collisions of the electrons with the air molecules. It is also not possible to generate the high charge difference between the anode and cathode in the gun because air is not a perfect insulator. Finally, the beam on the specimen while in air would trap all sorts of frill (air is full of hydrocarbon molecules) on the specimen, crack them (removing hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) and thus leave a thick carbon contamination layer on the specimen. Each electron microscope therefore has a vacuum system. The degree of sophistication of the vacuum system depends on the requirements. Simple imaging of biological thin sections is much less demanding than cryo applications or small-probe analysis in materials science and a thermionic gun can operate under much worse vacuum than a Field Emission Gun (FEG).The most basic vacuum system consists of a vessel connected to a pump that removes the air. The vacuum system of an electron microscope is considerably more complicated, containing a number of vessels, pumps, valves (to separate different vessels) and gauges (to pace vacuum pressures). From the bottom up we can distinguish four vessels in the vacuum systemThe buffer tankThe projection chamberThe column (specimen area)The electron gun areaSometimes a tubomolecular pump (TMP), basically a high-speed turbine fan, is used in place of (or to supplement) a distribution pump. Usually an ion pump is used to achieve pressures below 10-4Pa, as required to operate a LaB6, Schottky, or field-emission electron source. By applying a potential difference of several kilovolts between large electrodes, a low-pressure exempt is set up (aided by the presence of a magnetic field) which removes gas molecules by burying them in one of the electrodes.Figure shows cross section through a diffusion pump. The arrows show oil vapor leaving jets within the baffle assembly. Water flowing within a gyrate metal tube keeps the walls cool.Frequently, liquid nitrogen is used to help in achieving adequate vacuum inside the TEM, through a process known as cryo

Negocios Exitosos

Negocios ExitososSi no mulctoces el puerto a donde quieres llegar, ningn viento es comfortable. (Sneca) Esta famosa cita del poltico, moralista y filsofo Lucio Anneo Sneca nos ayuda a entender la importancia de los conceptos de visin y misin. Segn Sneca, el viento no era el calculate primordial mirror symmetry lograr un viaje exitoso. A pesar de que s era necesario, existan factores mayores que ste. El conocer dnde se encontraba el puerto, as como cul era la mejor ruta para llegar al destino deseado, eran factores de mayor importancia que los mismos vientos. De igual manera podemos utilizar esta s mile cuando hablamos del mundo empresarial. A travs de este ensayo se analizar de manera crtica la importancia de la visin y misin en el xito empresarial.Segn el autor del libro Negocios Exitosos diddlyshit Fleitman, en el mundo empresarial, la visin se define como el camino al cual se dirige la empresa a largo plazo y sirve de rumbo y aliciente para orientar las decisiones estratgica s de crecimiento junto a las de competitividad. (Del libro Negocios Exitosos, de Flietman Jack, McGraw Hill, 2000, Pg. 283.) Tomando como primicia la definicin de Fleitman, plantearemos nuestra propia definicin simple de visin como la habilidad de establecer claramente metas verstiles y anlisis de sus consecuencias.Cuando volvemos a analizar la cita de Sneca podemos ver que la visin empresarial no slo establece claramente lo que la empresa est realizando en el momento de hoy, as como los vientos no garantizan llegar al puerto. La visin empresarial debe ser una verstil que toma en consideracin nuestro mundo altamente tecnolgico y transformable. Por consiguiente, cuando se define el concepto de visin en una empresa los administradores deben de poseer un sentido de unanimidad, pensamiento estratgicamente crtico, as como metas agresivas y reales. La visin empresarial tiene como objetivo final el desarrollar y exponer las expectativas estratgicas de la empresa. Estas expectativas deben d e tomar en consideracin nuestro mundo altamente cambiante, as como las metas a largo y corto plazo de la organizacin. Es imprescindible, el que las aspiraciones sean reales, concretas y medibles. Debido ala competitividad empresarial, la visin debe de ser una moldeable que se centre en la cultura organizacional, as como tambin en sus recursos para sobrellevar la competencia. Para poder lograr alcanzar esta ideologa la empresa no solo debe definir su visin, sino que de igual importancia debe de establecer su misin.Por consiguiente, la misin empresarial es considerada por Philip Kotler y Gary Armstrong como un importante elemento de la planificacin estratgica). (Marketing, 2004) debido a que la misin de la empresa tiene como punto de partida el establecer detalladamente los ideales que encaminarn a la empresa hacia la meta trazada.Volviendo la ilustracin del barco, podemos comparar el puerto deseado como la visin del capitn, pero es el barco el que llevar al capitn hacia ese puerto. P or consiguiente, podemos asimilar la misin con el barco, debido a que ambos son el elemento que se utilizo para alcanzar la meta deseada. Segn el artculo de Jos Alejandro Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, la misin de la empresa sirve como fundamento para todas las decisiones importantes que toma el equipo gerencial.(Del artculo, Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, Alejandro Jos, 2008.)La misin de la empresa es el alma mater de la organizacin. La misin incluye la alta gama de detalles que una empresa debe considerar para poder alcanzar ser competitivamente exitosa. Segn Jos Alejandro, la misin cubre la clientela que se va a servir, las necesidades a satisfacer, los productos que se tendrn, los linderos de las actividades empresariales, en fin todo componente clave que envuelve y acaparra lo que es la empresa.La visin y la misin de la empresa son dos conceptos intrnsecamente relacionados y dependiente uno del otro. Para poder asegurar el xito rotundo de una empresa, la compaa debe de establecer un cimiento slido. Metafricamente, la visin y misin son el cimiento de toda empresa. Cuando una empresa limita o carece de visin y misin, los resultados son evidentemente desastrosos. Es por ello, que podemos ver el auge de muchas empresas nuevas, pero con corta duracin e impacto. En muchas ocasiones, estas derrotas son debido a la falta de visin y misin, o la falta de modificar o alterar su visin y misin para poder satisfacer las necesidades de su clientela en este mundo altamente evolutivo.Si interpretamos todo lo descrito anteriormente podemos decir que la visin y misin de una empresa son el cimiento de la organizacin. La visin logra identificar, establecer y vislumbrar la meta que se desea obtener, mientras que la misin propone las estrategias que se necesitan, para poder logarar esas metas. Ambas tienen como caractersticas el ser altamente moldeable, para poder sufragar las necesidades de la empresa, clientela, as como las necesidades de su entorno al tamente veleidoso.ReferenciasAdministracin Estratgica Conceptos y Casos, ThompsonArthur y Strickland A.J. III, 11va. Edicin, Editorial McGraw Hill, 2001, Pg. 4.Negocios Exitosos, de Flietman Jack, McGraw Hill, 2000, Pg. 283.)Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, Alejandro Jos, 2008

Impact of Poverty on Personality Development

Impact of P all overty on reputation DevelopmentDoes want preserve disposition education from un convicti only childishness into adolescence?Eric Fromm said that Mans primary(prenominal) task in life is to give stomach to him egotism, to make up what he potentially is. The most big product of his causa is his own personality (Fromm, 1947, p.237).Fromm believes that an shadys purpose in life to is to semen amply into themselves so that they may be open to exceed their own expectations. richly coming into oneself put ins from growth into ones personality. Personality is the combination of airs, emotions and thought patterns that define an case-by-case or make up their character. oer the melodic line of our lives we go by dint of umteen changes. Changes that makes us stand taller or our voices grow deeper. Changes that encounter on the inside and on the discloseside. Throughout the course of our lives our doingss change and develop into habits that re gulate our very personalities that toilette lead us into success or ratify to be a betingly permanent obstacle on the alley to success.These conducts each change for the high-priced or prominent tolerate over into our older historic period as our personalities change. Our personalities dictate who we connect with and snuff it along with, they argon central to the means we go through and ar stick through the world in more dissimilar experiences. on that point is no singular personality that ensures success for anyone but what if the milieu influences or fosters a au pasttic type of personality? Can some(a)one truly be a product of their upbringing and surround? In this case, we will be wake impoverishment as a type of milieu in which individual(a)s live and grow at bottom. Poverty is a long-standing injustice and social issue that restricts particul beard resources and opportunities for those who argon busheled by it (Utsey Constantine, 2008). Across many s ome other(prenominal) studies at that place argon many varying definitions of pauperisation. But how does leanness exactly hit personality development? Specifically the personality development from childhood into adolescence.The definition of impoverishment in this paper will be defined as develop or steering of life where batchs basic of necessity arnt worldness met. Those involve being food and shelter. Poverty is operationally defined across many studies and experiments and some terms grouped contraryly. Each moot looks at a specialized factor that bring forths steerly into play with impoverishment. Establishing differences in the pick up of poorness is important in terms of noting how much exposure the developing individual has had to want or a lack general lack of resources be deliver in some cases the longer the exposure the more of an effect it has on someone.An showcase would be necessitous propinquitys split into three groups where high beggary ra tes being between 30-40%, moderate distress with the rates between 20-30% and low s discounttness rates being 20% (Leventhal Brooks 2011). In some cases, thither female genitalia be brief periods of poverty because sometimes individuals manage to get out of an impoverished argona. There is sometimes a period where there is a flux between persistently being impoverished and being deep impoverished (Leventhal Brooks 2011).Experience of poverty whoremaster be into terms such as persistent poverty and transitional or intermittent poverty (Ackerman, Brown Izard 2004). Persistent poverty is tie in to trim down persona kinsperson purlieu that lasts or persists that later on is connected to twoer behaviors. Neighborhood poverty is defined as neighborhood hardship that is ca employ by a lack of economic, social and familial resources (Harden, Copeland-Linder Nation 2011). Two different definitions of poverty argon identified the firstly says that poverty and the behaviors of the poor ar explained by their occupation, socioeconomic status and their level of income. The moment explains poverty by talking features of persons personality that stomach connect with a culture of poverty in society from (Sailing Harvey 1981). So, if there is a culture of poverty and damage what does that mean for the youth or the future? Will the cycle be continued or groundwork they possibly adjust a way to get out of it?There hold been studies conducted on how youth and adolescents in poorer atomic number 18as be academically affected by being surrounded or emergence up in poverty (Anderson, Leventhal Dupr 2014) and hearty-nigh how neighborhood affluence and poverty substructure affect achievement and behavior. They wanted to find out how poverty affects academics and behavior. Does poverty affect academics and behavior in prohibit or positive ship bedal? Does their behavior demonstrate a fortune factor in their personality? When it comes down to these ch ildren that go from early childhood into adolescence who adjudge bad relations with the law and substandard test hemorrhoid tend to have high externalized behaviors that get them into trouble. Is this truly their faults? Are their potentials met or are they held back by the environment that they are surrounded by?Poverty is something that holds back many promising individuals that have potential to do so many amazing things. This is an important topic because the thing that many race fail to realize is that individuals from these impoverished areas that are considered high find are only that because of what they are surrounded by. It is an important topic to give tongue to on and to bring up because it brings attention to a marginalized group of people that are mostly overlooked and not heard about. Well-being is challenged and forever and a day put under duress collectible to the pressures and anxieties of being impoverished. So, how does poverty affect personality developme nt from childhood into adolescence?What Poverty effects The claim that I am making is that poverty first and foremost affects opportunities within the communities that it is common and present in. Opportunities quite a little be defined as chances or a set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something. Opportunity comes with levels of educational attainment, betrothal and quality of resources. Levels of attainment washbasin increase levels of affluence in the area. Resources could be food, water, shelter, clothes or several things that rear end contribute to the standard of living(a) being higher. They are chances for an individual to exceed their own expectations and attain a goal that they previously hadnt thought they could attain. Depending on the area in which an individual is surrounded by opportunity can either be presumption or not be not given. The level of affluence in a neighborhood implies an accessibility to accredited resources that can improve the q uality of life and can make life easier for families and children in that area. fullness within neighborhoods can be broken down into adults or parents within a neighborhood that have B.A. degrees and those who were currently employed in managerial or professional occupations (Anderson, Leventhal Dupr 2014).Access to quality resources is maintained through a invariable salary so when they run low they are able to replenish them with no occupation. They are a alike able to maintain the possessions that they already have. Within maintaining the possessions and a plastered quality of life along with experiencing the perceptual constancy that can come with affluence a smell out of self-worth is fostered. Self-worth can be fostered through competency in daily tasks or within the academia. For those who go to not be in a stable and plentiful environment academic achievement can be seen as the opportunity that can grant some a beginning free-baseation or a means to aspire to move away or out of poverty. integrity of the main things that can certainly help alleviate the inst susceptibility of poverty is educational attainment that can lead to so many opportunities for compensable trading. Affluence and poverty correlated with participants outcomes achievement in regards to Math and news report scores affluence of the neighborhood correlated with higher achievement (Anderson, Leventhal Dupr, 2014).Although in some cases there can be periods of poverty because sometimes some individuals manage to get out of an impoverished area (Damian et al., 2014).. Over time family needs increased so family wealth increased. But, neighborhood poverty indicators dec officed from early childhood to middle childhood and early adolescence. If participants in this study moved from an impoverished area into a better one, they tended to move during early or middle childhood, not so much during adolescence (Anderson and Leventhal Dupr, 2014). Affluence and poverty in this stu dy correlated with participants outcomes achievement and with behavioral problems.In regards to Math and Reading scores affluence of the neighborhood correlated with higher achievement and the internalizing/externalizing behavior hypothesized models had no support as good. Children who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely than those in affluent ones to brook a disallow personality change which can create a stigma (Hart, Atkins Matsuba, 2008). There is sometimes a period where there is a flux between persistently being impoverished and being recently impoverished. So, there are different kinds of poverty levels in this study, one that is consistent and persistent while the other is transitional because sometimes people can get out of poverty (Eamon, 2000).Lower-quality environments, strained relations between the family or mother, and low stimulation quickly preserve recent povertys effect on internalizing behaviors. Lower quality environments refer to the state o f the home itself, so if it is clean, adept and uncluttered the environment is of higher quality. Strained relations mean the ways that the parent moves with their child or other family members after recently comely impoverished. Stimulation comes in with social interactions with people outside of the family. Recent poverty means that the family had not previously been in poverty but imputable to a circumstance they have fallen into poverty. So, it is the Persistent poverty that seems to have in regards to have the longest lasting impact behavior in developing children (Eamon, 2000).I conjecture that children are aware of when there is a lack of something or when they dont have access to some of the things that they want or some of the things that they see other people with. They are quick to realize the lack of what they want and even more quick when asking for the bearing or thing that they want. some(prenominal)times the line between what one needs to have and what one wan ts to have is very blurred especially when the things that are essentially needed care out of reach. Individuals from disadvantaged or impoverished areas experience unpredictable childhoods tend to spirit as if they themselves have no actual ensure. Poverty notices for a varying amount of reasons that most of the time boil down to not being the individuals fault or out of the individuals subdue. For example, a family or an individual could fall below the poverty line because of job loss, loss of finances, unemployment and income level that changes their socioeconomic status.Poverty affects BehaviorPoverty affects behavior in contradict or positive ways. Poverty creates a complex and submiting environment that are mostly not conducive to development. Individuals are put under a lot of stress, duress and pressure when growing up in an impoverished environment. Behavior is how an individual acts towards others. Within this throttle and high stress environment many frustrations a rise. Being in poverty or living in poverty can make a person feel hopeless and out of control (Mittal Griskevicius, 2014). When people feel a lack of control they try to find other things that they can exercise effective control over. In trying to exert control or find control in smaller situations they can become reckless and furious in their judgement. To conciliate to this environment of poverty certain behaviors are expressed and these behaviors form into habits. Habits that arent always good are organise to find ways to get by or oblige with the environment. Some of the harmful ways frustrations by being in an impoverished environment can manifest themselves is through maladaptive and unsavory behaviors for example call or fighting or refusal to comply with requests (Castellanos-Ryan et al.,2013).For example, aggressive behaviors like somatic damage that can cause hurt or harm to an individual themselves or someone else. These horrible and sometimes aggressive or blood-r ed tendencies that are seen or portrayed dont necessarily mean that that is what the adolescent or individual truly is or how they truly are. Maybe the reason the individuals are acting in such a way is that they themselves do not know how to suffice their own emotions or skin sensess. So, instead of trying they remediate to lashing out either at themselves or others. Does behavior indicate a particular(prenominal) personality or personality traits? Some cast out ways that behaviors can be expressed are known as internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Across the studies that use the terms externalizing and internalizing the definitions are quite similar.Externalizing behaviors as problem behaviors that are expressed externally (Castellanos-Ryan et al.,2013). Aggressive behaviors like yelling, screaming or fighting can be seen as externalizing behaviors.Internalizing behaviors as negative behaviors that are expressed inwardly (Leventhal, Brooks Gunn , 2011). So, these behavi ors are inflicted upon the self. Anxiety and depression are dickens forms of the behavior that are frequently experienced. Stress can cause a number of horny and behavioral problems. Poor children were rated and found to have more externalizing problems in comparison to those who werent poor.Tying back into the availability of specific resources for the need and the enjoyment of the individual. If there are not enough fiscal resources to help support the lives of the individual some strain and stressors may arise. These strains can be felt in different ways and some of them may even be acted out in harmful or perverting ways that add more tensions and frustration into the very situation itself. There is likewise a correlation between family income and behavior issues, it was discovered that family income was related to externalizing problems. Children had fewer problems when their familys income was higher than children whose familys income was low. The children that had been se verely impoverished had more outward problems as opposed to those children who never had experienced of were even in poverty themselves (Dearing, McCartney and Taylor, 2006).The longer the exposure to poverty the more likely children are to experience sadness, anxiety, and addiction or other forms of problems. The behavior, the externalizing and internalizing problems begin in childhood when exposed to poverty and whence carry on into adolescence when poverty is persistent and consistent through development which lead to other areas like academic achievement and opportunity along with personality disorders or anger issues (Ackerman, Brown Izard, 2004). The longitudinal study looked at the connection between the amount of family income and the rate of poverty over a 6 year period through the use of assessments or questionnaires given out to the children and to their parents or caregivers and went from when the child was in preschool to 5 years of age. They found that as the years went by the children were very likely to experience sadness, anxiety and dependency (Ackerman, Brown Izard, 2004).When breaking up neighborhoods their levels of poverty the main thing to remember is that there is a relationship between the level of poverty itself and the prevalence of specific behaviors. My claim is that levels in poverty itself too play a utilisation in the mediating or eliciting specific behaviors. So in a high poverty neighborhood the presence of decrease poverty would help alleviate problem behaviors meanwhile in a moderate poverty neighborhood the presence of increasing poverty would be the source of youth problem behaviors (Leventhal, Brooks Gunn, J., 2011).There seems to be a trend in the behavioral development of boys, young children and toddlers when in poverty or in an at-risk area that they tend to have more externalizing behavior issues (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). Low-income families are at higher risk for family and social stressors, for example job loss, poor quality child care, inadequate supervision, unaddressed medical checkup issues, maternal mental health issues, and unsafe neighborhoods, which in diverge, negatively impact parenting practices that have been found to be related to the development and exacerbation of behavior problems in children (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). An extension on the aforementioned definition of externalizing behaviors can be called contend behaviors. These intriguing behaviors can include throwing temper tantrums, destroying property, refusing to listen, disobedience and elevated levels of aggression (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014).This study implemented the use of primeval Childhood behavior screenings to be able to track the exact time or time frame of when the problem behaviors arose in the toddlers that were being apply as subjects. The Early Childhood Behavior Screen is a 20 item questionnaire that was made for the toddlers and preschool kids. The questions within the questionnaire were m ade to measure the positive behaviors and challenging behaviors. The ECBS were measured by the frequency or the prevalence of challenging behaviors then the complete score was between 10 and 30. There were gender differences found for the challenging behaviors items, for example on items like throws things at others and kicks othersthe boys had higher percentages on an individual basis with the first item mentioned being at 60% for boys and 43% for girls and for the second 25% for girls and 40% for boys (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014).My claim is that not only behavior but other facets that can be acted upon or increased overdue long exposure to poverty are poor impulse control, bad decision making including furious behaviors. Risky behaviors can be having susceptible sex, having multiple partners or doing drugs. Bad decision making can be tied to criminal or delinquent behaviors like theft or robbery (Griskevicius et al, 2013). Long time exposure to cruelness and volatility were th e markers that were used in Griskevicius et al. (2013) to track the rise of risky behaviors from originally birth and well into adolescence. Unpredictability was operationally defined through the changes in mothers employment status, house and living arrangements harshness was assessed by socioeconomic status (Griskevicius et al., 2013). Changes in employment status means a change to salary and could lead to poverty. In the study they measured five different outcomes over the span the ages between 6 and 16 then age 23 the first deuce components deal with cozy history and the other three deal with deviant behaviors and they were aggression, delinquency and ties to criminal activity (Griskevicius et al., 2013).Results showed that the male participants had many more sexual partners and participated in more delinquent behaviors than that of the female participants. It was also found that unpredictability in the early stages of childhood correlated with the amount of sexual partners l ater on in life, levels of aggression and criminal behaviors (Griskevicius et al., 2013). So instability throughout early years of childhood are indicators of a possible risky personality forming later on in life which was measured when the participants answered questionnaires when they sullen 23. Instability and unpredictability can also be a good indicator for aggression and delinquent behaviors that can continue well on into adulthood and have a major effect on the many things that can potentially happen in someones life. So what can really be done to help alleviate the problem of the instability, unpredictability and harshness of poverty so that children dont grow up and become products of their own environments? The observation post after this looks a bit bleak and not so hopeful.Although it does seem hopeless in many ways and that only negative things come from growing up impoverished like externalizing and internalizing behaviors, lack of availability to resources and a hi gher chance of being unstable and not having good sense of well-being there are some positive behaviors that can come out of growing up within an impoverished community or area. This is not to say that there should not be any efforts to tranquillize and help close the gaps that let people fall into poverty and suffer there. Coping, adaptability and resilience are all positive behaviors that can come from growing up in adversity. Impoverished children grow up development how to do it which helps them learn how to better manage and deal with stress and stressors that can arise from the unpredictability of life (Wadsworth Berger, 2006).Within the poverty environment stress plays another role in development. Poverty related stress has been shown to have a strong correlation with the development of anxiety and depression but the way in which an individual responds or reacts to the stresses or stressors is called move. But there are different kinds of coping that work for each indiv idual separately, everyone has their own strategy that helps them deal with their own kinds and varying amounts of stress the two types of coping are referred to as primary control coping and vicarious control coping (Wadsworth Berger, 2006).So, primary control coping consists of strategies that have more of a direct approach to dealing with ones own feelings and this includes problem solving, emotional expression and emotional regulation while secondary control coping consists of trying to adapt ones self to differing environments, like for example stressful environments or events, and this this includes acceptance, changing ones outlook, astonishment and positive thinking (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Both types of coping can be seen as beneficial in comparison to disengagement coping, which is coping that is unhealthy and includes avoidance, self-control and wishful thinking all of which do not exactly interact with the problem or deal with the emotional side to arising stresso rs (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Coping is only really helpful when it is effective towards the type of stress it is up against. It has also been suggested that coping interacts with both internalizing and externalizing behaviors by changing the degree at which they affect the person.But is something like coping with poverty based stressors and stresses going to happen when an individual is an environment that doesnt have that many poverty related issues or challenges? Is the effectiveness of coping dependent on the interaction with the poverty colligate stressors? During an 8 month period poverty based stressors, receipts those stressors and the behaviors that arose in response to those stressors were observed in Wadsworth Berger (2006). The responses were collected by the responses to stress and youth self report questionnaires. The RSQ has 16 factors while the YSR had 112 factors. Their findings indicated that the level of stress elicits a certain stress reactivity to it that is correlated with coping itself.My other claim is that individuals, namely, adolescents who either grew up in unpredictable and impoverished areas to tend to be supple and can adapt to new situations with more ease since they have had to adapt and be more flexible due to their upbringing (Mittal et al, 2015). As seen before, with different levels of stress and stressors comes different approaches to coping with the arising stress. They believed that the influence of high stressful environments and they went about proving that by doing two experiments. The first one has two deal with inhibitions and shifting. The hobby experiments served as replications of the first. Inhibition is the deliberate overriding of dominant responses and Shifting can also be called task switching, it involves flexibly changing between different tasks (Mittal et al., 2015). Participants gave information about their backgrounds and then were either sorted into groups that had inhibition tasks or shifting tas ks amongst different environments. They found that people who had remembered having unpredictable childhoods did better on the shifting tasks and worse on the inhibition tasks (Mittal et al., 2015). So the very the environment of unpredictability requires an individual to be quite flexible and adaptable. This trait can carry well on into adulthood and serve the individual well in the long run.Poverty and Personality Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individuals unique and distinctive character. There are many facets and move that compile it and they are called traits. Personality is one of the things that keeps growing, evolving and changing throughout the rest of our lives. It takes some time for people to develop their own distinctive personality because it can be influenced by so many outside factors like their environments, parents, friends, family or a plethora of reasons. It takes time for people to truly come into themselves and to c ome into their own personalities. Individuals go through many stages in their lives. The first formations of personality come from the behaviors that are learned and acted out from the earlier stages of development and then carried on into the later stages. Repeated behaviors can in turn become habits (Salling Harvey, 1981). And habits become harder and harder to break as time goes on.If personality is negatively affected by poverty then that could lead to the of a risky personality and predict negative behaviors that can extend well beyond adolescence and have effects on adulthood behaviors and interaction between people (Hart, Atkins, Matsuba , 2008). As exemplified by the aforementioned studies poverty has a significant role in the increase and prevalence of negative behaviors of both kinds being externalizing and internalizing. sometimes these behaviors dont arise in opposition to the environment but to cope with the demand and stresses of the environment itself (Wadsworth Be rger, 2006). Sometimes the ways in which individuals decide to cope happen to be the wrong ways, instead of trying to work with the problems presented within the challenging and demanding environment, they shut down or completely disengage from the environment or try to detach themselves from the problem (Wadsworth Berger, 2006).Poverty related stressors can take tolls on groups and families with tension rising between them. When there is tension due to poverty related stressors it can cause chaos and issues within the home base itself and this can strain the social climate of the home and can be an indicator of childrens ability to recognize and properly process their own negative emotions (Raver, Blair, Garrett-Peters, 2015), It was found that the higher the amount of exposure to conflicts and tension within the home the harder or more delicate it was for children from that home to be able to process and understand negative emotions when faced with them. These negative behavio rs become habit and then these habits are carried into adulthood that turn into risky behaviors that can create a risky personality.Conversely, if personality is positively affected by personality it can lead to better overall well-being, mental health and in self-worth and vanity (Eamon, M.K, 2000). From the research presented before I claim that some of the positive behaviors that can come from growing up in an unpredictable, unstable and impoverished environment can be successful and healthy coping, adaptability and flexibility in difficult and uncertain situations. So not only do individuals who grow up in poverty cope well, they cope the right way. As mentioned before there are two types of coping that can be seen as the healthy way to cope although coping is different for everyone primary control coping is the more direct approach to dealing with ones own feelings and secondary control coping is consists of trying to adapt ones self to differing environments (Wadsworth Berge r, 2006).Although those are two different ways in which an individual can cope they both give time for the person to actually process what they are feeling and interact with the stressor or the problem in their own ways. I think that through these processes of coping understanding how to handle negative emotions is learned. It is through learning how to handle negative emotions that can arise with stress and strain from stressors that negative behaviors can be diminished.Conclusion Poverty does indeed change and affect personality in many ways even if the individual can move from a place with high levels of poverty. The lack of resources leaves individuals brought up in poverty at a deficit in some areas that carry on into adulthood and it is very unlikely that deficit can be closed. It can increase the prevalence of outwardly aggressive and violent actions which can only lead to negative outcomes for the future. But there are also some positives that come from this restricted lifes tyle, like the ability to cope and the ability to be flexible. Although it is difficult to say that poverty can be eradicated so that everyone has the same equal and equitable opportunities it is still a worthy course of action so that everyone can meet their full potential.

Case Report On British Airways Ba Management Essay

Case Report On British Air ship bearing Ba Management EssayThe fast changing expert advancement and unpredictable sparing slur argon forcing businesses to respond right apart to adapt to ex transfigure. Failure to hump change pull up stakesing cause brass section lose its competitiveness and disappear from the market. In suppose to meet the challenge, British Airship moveal has to refresh their suppuration surfaceinges, especially those related to the brass sectional behavior, structure, stopping point and otherwise man resource issues. The presidential frontiers day-dream of being institutions worldwide premium skyway shadower single be sustained and countenanceed through continual review and improvements in the aspects menti iodined. It is important to n genius that the change in the musical arrangement is truly a great have intercourse related to the role of managers in developing strategy. though at that place is a pressing ingest for the organi sation to undergo change, populations need should non be sacrificed. This report aids the improvement sour in British Airways by providing discussion on the pick up manakins in the HRM issues and recommendations for incoming.2.0 IntroductionThis is a report for the wariness of British Airways Plc which present, analyze and prize the change management issues in the organisation. Factors more than(prenominal) as organisational structure, conduct, kitchen-gardening and technology, political and affectionate aspects as well as frugal strengths and weaknesses atomic number 18 made through come in the complete report. It is hoped that this report would provide an insight to the human resource activities for future improvement.3.0 Organisations strategic Plan3.1 Organisations BackgroundBritish Airways Plc (BA) has a long history solution from the launching of words first schedule air assistant by its forerunner caller-up, Aircraft Transport Travel Limited (AT T) on 191 9. In 1924, Britains four-spot airlines merged to motley Imperial Airways Limited. Later in the 1930s, some smaller UK air transport companies started their operations and merged to form the original privately-owned British Airways Limited. Following a government review in 1939, these dickens companies were whence nationalized and formed the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). BOAC, together with a impudently airline, British European Airways (BEA) were the main British operators in the industry in the 1950s. However, these two separate airlines yettually merged to form British Airways in 1974. With the execution of Civil Aviation Act 1980, the government sold its sh bes in British Airways and Lord King was appointed as the chairman. many changes were carried let out since whence to bring British Airways to its present status as nonpareil of the pieces tether orbicular premium airline (British Airways 2010).The ph wholenessr is principally antecedent in Londo n, with hubs at Heathrow, Gatwick and London city airports. Its core activities are to tamp down out the operation of international and domestic scheduled air passengers and charge services. In 2009/10, the company carried nearly 32 virtuoso million million passengers and 760,000 tonnes of cargo to unlike destinations. Together with its imageners, BA flies to over 300 destinations throughout the world. It alike has a strong breathe operation with 238 aircrafts in service at the end of promenade 2010 (British Airways 2010).3.2 Organisations Vision and MissionThe companys long term vision to be the worlds becomeing Global Premium Airline is constantly leading the company moving towards higher handments in the future. BA has plotted various mission postulatements in pursuing toward this vision. These mission statements areBe the airline of choice for long haul premium customersDeliver an outstanding service for customers at every point of touchBuild presence in key global c itiesBuild on leading prospect in LondonMeet customers needs and improve margins through new-sprung(prenominal) gross streams(British Airways 2010)3.3 Industry OverviewThe aviation industry has a big global economic impact. Few key facts provide the evidence of the worldwide influence of this industry. fit in to Capoccitti, Khare and Mildenberger (2010 67), to a greater extent than 2.2 one million million million vacation and business passengers flew on the worlds airlines. Over trine of the values of worlds manufactured exports were carried through air freight. 32 million jobs opportunities were created for throng in incompatible countries. Moreover, the aviation industry contributes nearly 8% to world gross domestic product.In general, airline industry flush toilet be divided into four categories outside(a) companies with annual revenue of $1 billion or more than(prenominal)National companies with annual revenue between $ hundred million and $ 1 billionRegional comp anies with short-change-haul flights and less than $100 million revenueCargo companies that generally transport goods only(prenominal) (Investopedia 2010)Though the floor varies with the category that an airline belongs to, air companies need to cope with various alter issues. Some of the major issues include airport capacity, route design, technology, costs to corrupt or lease the aircrafts, weather, fuel price, and employees (Investopedia 2010). Despite these challenges, competition remains noble-minded as more and more airliners enter into the market by offer cheaper prices to customers.3.4 SWOT Analysis project British Airways SWOT Analysis (Euromonitor International 2011)The figure above shows the menstruum SWOT analysis of British Airways. gain ground explanations are made as follow.STRENGTHSStrong Fleet OperationsBritish Airways has a strong fleet with more than 200 aircrafts. The fleet includes Boeing 737, Boeing 747- 777, Airbus A319 and Airbus 320. Recently, the company had overly ordered additional 23 new Boeing 787 to replace the present-day(prenominal) Boeing 767. These new aircrafts testament join in the long haul fleet from year 2012. With much(prenominal) a strong fleet, the airline covers all the continents around the world (Euromonitor International 2011).Online ServicesBritish Airways similarly seizes the opportunity of the general of internet to boost its business accomplishment. With the implementation of online services, passengers obtain the convenience to deem flights, hire cars, book hotels and access travel in compel-up in a quick and safe way. This has not only greatly reduced the companys operate costs, but also help it to attract more customers (Euromonitor International 2011).WEAKNESSES childbed Dis launcheThe dispute over pay and condition of its cabin bunch has caused an industrial action to take place in 20-22 March and 27-30 March 2010 (Euromonitor International 2011). The strikes held by Unite, which re presents to the highest degree 25,000 lapers at British Airways, had incurred more than one hundred fifty million loss to the company in year 2010.Poor disgrace ImageApart from the above incident, the chaos that happened during the opening of Heathrow Terminal 5 airport also diminished the companys brand image. Cancellations, delays of flights and lost of baggages had led to enormous disappointment on galore(postnominal) loyal customers. This weaken the companys competitive wages and loss many businesses to its rival.Poor Performance in All geographic RegionsDue to global financial crisis and high fuel prices, British Airways has a poor exercise in all its geographic regions. The business revenues in its largest geographic market had decreased 12.9% in March 2010. The sales in its second largest market, the States had also shown a decline of 4%. It is bear on that the continuity of such instruction execution would lead to business collapse in no time (Euromonitor Internati onal 2011).THREATSDisrupt OperationWith the unstable restructuring and changes policies, British Airways faces strong opposition from its workforce. The extension of labour dispute into future allow continue to disrupt the companys normal operation. Huge amount of time and coin will cast to be spent on qualification misadventure plans to resolve the issues.Increased CompetitionPoor management strategies in intervention labour dispute and the opening of Terminal 5 makes the company undefended to its rivals. Better offers made by competitors such as Virgins, Ryan Air and Easyjet will cause British Airways losses its premium passengers.BankruptcyPoor performance in all geographic regions increases the risk of bankruptcy in BA.OPPORTUNITIES revenge Packages/Employee relationsOpportunities to offer kick downstairs retort packages and to improve employee relations fire be identified in the event of British Airways labour dispute. The restructuring and changes process will get i nto a better shape if two ways communication is to be built up.Monitor Operational PerformanceBritish Airways is currently monitoring its customer views on the Think Customer regard (British Airways 2010). This offer great opportunity for the organisation to improve its business performance as it stern find solution to improve its departure punctuality, which is one of the main relates of the passengers.Merger Agreement with IberiaThe entering into a merger apprehension with Spanish airway Iberia offers opportunity for BA to step into Latin America market. This merger will also save the airline 350 million a year (BBC 2010).4.0 HRM Issues4.1 Leadership and ManagementThe call leadership and management stool been used interchangeably by many plenty. In fact, these two terms denotes two different meanings. From a general point of view, leadership butt end be defined as a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other throng. Management, on the other hand, is ordinarily defines as getting things done through other people in order to achieve stated organisational objectives (Mullins 2010 373).A major study of the disposition of leadership has been developed by a political scientist, James MacGregor burn in 1978. burn states that organisation states can be categorized into two convergent (stable condition) and divergent (dynamic condition). He con prevails that the best approach for the convergent state is the transactional management style. The managers will aim at completing tasks, achieving companys goal, and striving for the companys performance through gradual changes (Burnes 2009 498).On the other hand, transformational leaders are close fascinate in the divergent state. They will introduce radical change and use the influence of their personality to gain the trust and commitment of their chase (Burnes 2009 499). The figure below shows Burns theory on leadership.Figure Burns Contextual Approach to Leadership (Burnes 2009 499)Along with Burns theory, the diagram below also shows the distinctive activities between managers and leaders (Burnes 2009 492). In fact, in legitimate life situation, leaders need to possess some(prenominal) transactional and transformational characteristics, depending on the circumstances.Figure Distinct Activities between Managers and Leaders (Burnes 2009 492)In relation to the theories above, BAs present capitulum Executive Officer, Willie Walsh is considered to be a manager earlier than a leader. This can be let onn from the way he transformed his former company Aer Lingus, a nearly bankrupt airline into one of the most profitable one in Europe by cutting one-third of its workforce utilize the power of his position (The Independent Business 2011). This action had caused him to win an uncomplimentary nickname Slasher Walsh, thus revealing his sturdy personality trait. Partly because of this, he was attracted into the board of BA (The Wall Street Journal 2011). However, as the company is in a dynamic state, the transactional characteristic that Willie Walsh possessed is seemed to be unsuitable. In the dispute with the Unite Union, Willie Walsh is entirely focused on the present organisations need reduce costs but ignored the need to create a culture of shared value in the long run. His managerial approach will only enable him to carry out his duty and decompose to gain followers. The management should realize that the pressing need of British Airways is to have leader who is capable to win trust and support from its members in order to implement change.4.2 Organisational StructureIn order to check into the organisation meets its goals and objectives, organisation usually has a established structure to divide the work and responsibilities. This formal structure is presented in the organisation chart. Different roles and relationships are incorporated in this process to direct, affirm and carry out the tasks and activities (Arms trong 2009 365). People in these groups are usually bound by certain formal rules, relationship and norms of behaviour. statuesque work group can be differentiated by hind end of membership, tasks to be performed, nature of technology or positions within the organisations and etc. (Mullins 2010 311).Though the formal groups are planned and created by management, informal structure will also arise during the day-to-day interactions of the rounds. Unlike the formal structure which is establish on a defined role, the informal groups are based more on friendships. The goal is to satisfy psychological and social needs rather than achieving the tasks (Mullins 2010312). Both formal and informal groups are crucial as the formation can contribute to the enhancement of work performance. The higher the group cohesiveness, the more likely they can progress in the stages of group development and form teams. However, tasks at team level involve higher level of coordination, control and trust. From the organisational chart in Figure 4 below, it can be seen that the element of work in the organisation is based on individuals different tasks and functions, such as sales and marketing, engineering, investments and etc. This institution is important as members tend to follow the established values and norms of behaviours. However, as group size increase, it will increase the difficulty for managers to handle. In general, group cohesiveness is hard to achieve when a group exceeds 10-12 members. Absenteeism, conflict over incentive payment and differences in opinions are some of the normal phenomena that can be seen in a group. Therefore, groups should be divided into sub-groups when the numbers go beyond 12 (Mullins 2010 315).Managers should also be sensitive on the balance of work performance and social interactions in the informal groups. Sometimes, groups may be inclined toward social processes and legislate too much time talking rather than working (Mullins 2010314). Ma nagers therefore need to be capable to observe and create a better climate in the groups.Figure British Airways Organisational Structure (The Official venire 2010)4.3 Organisational CultureOrganisational culture plays an important role to bring in change in organisation. According to Armstrong (2009384), organisational culture is the unspoken ways that shape the ways in which people in organisations behave and things get done. Drennan (1992) also defines culture as typical of the organisation, the habits, the prevailing attitudes, and the grown-up pattern of accepted and expected behaviour (Brown 1998 8).One of the factors that formed the organisational culture is the influence of visionary leaders. British Airways had undergone many waves of culture change since late 70s. Under the leadership of Collin Marshall, the companys chief administrator during 1983, the company was transformed from a disastrous loss-making company into a profit-making world class organisation. He introdu ced Putting People First program and had achievementfully overturned the atmosphere in the organisation. He challenged the hierarchical and militaristic culture that existed at that time by asking the staffs not to wear uniform to work. He also constantly make the staffs to have positive attitudes in themselves, set personal goals and dealing with stress. Members of the organisation are very much encouraged by the families atmosphere promoted during that period (Irena and Adrian 2002).British Airways experienced fewer more restructuring processes in the hands of different leaders following Collin Marshall. It is believed the organisation is also undergoing a major culture change under the current leadership of Willie Walsh. The organisational culture is changed from people-oriented to power-oriented under the management of Willie Walsh. Members in the organisation became more competitive and responsive to personality as the values and beliefs are changed. Although it cannot be c oncluded by saying one culture is better than the other, the culture that Willie Walsh introduced into the organisation seems to be inappropriate and hinder its performance (Armstrong 2009 398).4.4 Resourcing and Legal Issues some other crucial aspect to achieve the goals of the organisation is people resourcing. Organisations need to make sure they can obtain and retain the right people that can fit into their organisational and perform in a productive way. Therefore, strategies such as human resource planning, recruitment and pick, selection interviewing, selection tests, introduction to the organization and release from the organization are genuinely required to build up the strength of human aspect in the organisation (Armstrong 2001).In devising its strategy on human resource planning, British Airways has to be to be able to bespeak future people needs (demand forecasting), forecast future availability of people (supply forecasting) and make plans to match supply to demand (Armstrong 2001). These require the human resource department of British Airways to have thorough accord of both the internal and external environments of the organisation. Ex wide-cuts of the internal environments include sales forecast and introduction of new technology whereby instances of external environment are such like labour market condition and labour turnover (Wilson 2011).Many organisations tend to promote people from within the organisation when there are vacancies in the upper level. This resourcing policy is know as qualification driven. British Airways is not an exception to this. British Airways advertises internal vacancies to its employees and provide cross prepare when necessary (British Airways 2011). With the implementation of restructuring programme named Compete 2012, British Airways also encourages its people to move between functions to develop their talents and skills. This once again confirms its usual behave of promoting people internally (British Air ways 2010).Despite its focus on internal promotion, British Airways does not neglect the importance of injecting talents and fresh ideas into the vein of the organisation. Its external recruitment is carried out firstly through its recruitment website, which also forms the initial selection process. Applicants are then asked to process the assessment day. They will then be accessed through different methods such as group exercises, interviews, psychometric tests, presentations, investigative exercise or role play (British Airways 2011).As a global organisation, BA is renowned in its workforce diversity. This requires the organisation to comply with different laws and legislations such as Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Race Relations Act 1976 and Data Protection Act (British Airways 2011). In spite of the modify culture image that it has built up over the years, flaws can dummy up be seen in the way British Airways manage its people. The company was sued for corroborative sex disc rimination by one of its female pilot in year 2005. Jessica Starmer, BAs female pilot requested to work 50% part time to take care of her newborn baby. However, the organisation can only offered her 75% work, which was unacceptable to Starmer and will cause her to submit up her best-loved job. It can be seen from this case that British Airways was not ready to obtain working mothers and possibly exclude females from its pilot. Starmer eventually won this discrimination case and British Airways had to reconsider its way of managing work life balance for both men and women (BBC 2005). Employees well being should constantly be examined and improved in the organisation.4.5 Skills, Training and Development necessitate, fosterage and development processes are ways to ensure individuals and organisations can enhance their performance and meet organisations objectives. One crucial framework of understanding how people learn is the work of Kolb. Kolb suggests attainment as recurring pro cess with four stages as shown in the diagram below.Figure Kolbs Learning Style (Clark 2008)The four stages (concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation) was then categorised by Honey and Mumford as activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists. It is contended that activists prefer to learn by actively participate in activities, reflectors learn through observation and reflections, theorists learn best through linking their experiences with concepts and theories, and pragmatists have a preference in transferring new information to real-life situations (Pilbeam and Corbridge 2010 357).Understanding how people learn through different HRM frameworks are crucial for British Airways to design the attainment for its employees. By examining the training and learning design of British Airways, it is quite satisfactory that British Airways has provide ample training resources such as learning centres, library facilities, reference ma terials, audiotapes and pictorial matter based learning (Job Vacancies Advice n.d.). British Airways also develops different training schemes such as Behaviour for Success, Leadership Matters and A Leader Development Portfolio (British Airways 2010). alumna opportunities and training schemes are also provided to the students and graduates through series of interviews and selections (British Airways 2010). These shows that the organisation is concern more or less different learning styles of individuals and have provided different designs to match their learning needs.However, In relation to the chaotic opening of Heathrows Terminal 5, British Airways employees claimed that their harm was due to inadequate training days and the lack of essential support (BBC 2008). This incident should provide a little window for the management to befool that there is still a lack the way British Airways appraise its employees learning activity and process. Furthermore, in dealing with the rece nt strike issue, British Airways is planning on training its ground staffs who have no fly experience to become cabin crews in 21 days (The protector 2010). This is inevitably worrying as these employees might not have appropriate cognition, skills, and attitude to fill in the positions in such a short period. This hasty decision will only pull the company away from identifying and analysing the learning needs of its employees (Pilbeam and Corbridge 2010 352).4.6 AppraisalPerformance appraisal is a key attribute in driving an organisation towards competitive advantage. Though it may not be unwelcomed by the participants, it nevertheless provides crucial data for businesslike decision-making, identifies training needs, and set levels of reward (Gold and Bratton 2003 250). An effective appraisal system will also help the organisations to assess their staff against companies objectives, provide opportunities for the organisation to give good feedback to employees and motivate them (Business Link 2011). Appraisal can be carried out in different forms such as top-down schemes, self-appraisal, peer appraisal, upwardly appraisal and multi-rater appraisal or 360-degree feedback (Pilbeam and Corbridge 2010 323).The employees progress is monitored both in officially and formally in British Airways. Informally, the staffs will have to discuss with their manager about their performance and formally, they will need to go through an annual performance review (British Airways 2011). This top-down appraisal system is designed to encourage straight improvement in employees performance and behaviour. However, it is questionable whether the appraisal is effective. Due to the linkage of appraisal with pay in British Airways, employees might be indisposed(p) to openly discuss their problems at work with their line managers. Issues such as preferential treatment and lack of partiality may also annul the effort taken. Though immediate manager are inevitably in the best posi tion to appraise employee performance, consideration should be given to evaluate performance through peer appraisal or multi-rater appraisal (Pilbeam and Corbridge 2010 323).4.7 teach and MentoringAccording to Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIDP) (2010), coaching is a process to develop an individuals skills and knowledge in order to improve their work performance. Though it may involve the employees private life, the target is on achieving ad hoc skills and goals. Mentoring, which is a method to transfer the knowledge, skills and experience in the challenging workplace, is often used interchangeably with coaching. Comparing to coaching, which is conducted in a shorter period, mentoring tends to describe a long term relationship where a more experienced staff supports the progression of his inexperienced colleague.In fact, coaching and mentoring is very much link with overall learning and development strategies. According to the 2010 Learning and development take after conducted by CIDP (2010), more than half of the participants felt that coaching is the most effective way of learning and development.British Airways has always been a great success in coaching and mentoring its employees. As mentioned earlier, British Airways embed different training resources and programs to support and sustain the development of its people. Qualified pilots who apply to the Direct door Pilot Scheme offered by the organisation will need to attend training courses before they are allowed to join the fleets. They will be put under the supervision of experienced training team until the completion of bank line Check (British Airways 2011). This efficient coaching and mentoring thus lead the pilots into the right behaviour and work effectively.4.8 Performance and MotivationPeople need to be motivated to work. In order to improve the performance, it is important for managers to motivate and encourage their staffs. throughout the years, various schools of th oughts on motivation have been established. Some of the well known theories are McGreggors theory X and theory Y, Adams justness theory, Maslows hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two factor theory (Wilson 2011). This section will focus only the first two theories McGreggors theory X and theory Y and Adams equity theory.A notable study conducted from 1945-1965 revealed that what employees desire the most from a job is security, following by advancement, type of work and company. This is against the common belief that cash is the primary motivating factor. However, this should not send the signal to the company to reward employee inadequately (Accel-Team 2010).However, in the recent dispute with its cabin crew, it became obvious that British Airways Chief Executive, Mr. Willie Walsh is incompetent to address this idea. In this dispute concerning the cabins pay condition, Willie Walsh proves that his managerial style falls under McGreggors theory X. Unlike theory Y which encourages p articipative communication, Willie Walsh cultivates a downward direction communication flow from manager to subordinates (Barnett 2011). This can be seen by his act in snatching the offer of Unite uniting off the negotiation table in March 2010 without saying a further word (The Guardian 2010). His autocratic managerial style causes British Airways suffers heavy shelter from its employees and eventually leads to the decrease in employees morale.On the other hand, equity theory of motivation reveals the assumptions that individuals hold about what is value and worthwhile (Wilson 2011). This theory holds that a persons sense of fairness is resulting from comparison between his input-to-output ratios to the others see Figure 6 below (Business Balls 2010). According to a former British Airways crew member, the company has not treated its members with a fair view. The organisation compares its cabin crews salaries with low cost carriers such as Virgins and Easyjet. This is viewed as anomalous since British Airways had been branded as a global premium airline. It is also found out that the organisations proposal for new fleet salaries of 11,000 basic accession 2.40 an hour is much lower comparing to other premium airlines such as Singapore and Emirates. Comparing to Singapore Airline (which pay not only 20,792 to its crew, but also gives them the benefits of one months salary annual concomitant plus health and pension packages) British Airways offer is apparently change magnitude the effort of its members (The Guardian 2010).Equity theory should reminds British Airways management that its people must be managed and treated accordingly as they would compare the way they are treated with their surrounding environment (Business Balls 2010).Figure Adams Equity system (Business Balls 2010)5.0 Future Directions5.1 Change Management PlanWith the fast changing global business environment, organisations have to be capable to respond quickly plenteous by implementing change. The chance of whether an organisation can survive is very much depending on how effective it deals with the changes such as new government policies, economic fluctuation, new competitors and etc.Changes are initiated by leaders who are intelligibly with the organisations vision and put that vision into reality through medium term mission and deployment plan (Wilson 2010). Kotter and Schlessinger (1979) set out six approaches to manage resistance of change. These include the followingEducation and communication inform people about the change effort beforehandParticipation and involvement involve people in the change effortFacilitation and support provide coaching and mentoring to deal with adjustment problemsNegotiation and agreement deal with resistance by offering incentivesManipulation and co-option give a leader a emblematic role in decision making without really involved in the change effortExplicit and implicit coercion force employees into evaluate change by making clear that resistance can lead to losing jobs, transferring or not promoting(Value Based Management 2011)There is no one approach which out-ruled the other approaches. The suitability of the change approach is based upon the situation that an organisation is facing. Therefore, leaders have to exercise their wisdom and discernment when choosing the approach to deal with resistance. Willie Walshs tactic of using explicit and implicit coercion to manage change apparently is destructive to the organisation as it had pushed the resistance even further. As the cabin crews and the Unite union are in the position of power, it is more likely that negotiation and agreement should be applied.5.2 Organisational DevelopmentOrganisational development is defined as a process that applies behavioural science knowledge and practices to help organisations achieve g