Keeping Two Sets of Records

Ethical Dimensions of Financial be Keeping two forget me drugs of Records Financial Accounting is an informational tool intended for twain managers of a company and for external parties of an organization as defined by Garrison. There is also an existence of some regulatory bodies requiring the use of several(predicate) principles accordingly within companies jurisdiction. In some cases, companies are required to stop two sets of accounting records. For example, publicly traded companies are required to use generally accepted accounting principles by the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission.But GAAP and IFRS depreciation rules dont always match up. Companies routinely account for earnings and expenses differently on their annual reports, compared with their tax returns . A contributing factor to keeping separate records is the different treatment in measuring income. The two come neares used in measuring income is the accrual- ground and capital based accounting. As defin ed in our textbook Managerial Accounting by Garrison, Accrual accounting measures income as the difference between revenues recognized in the period versus and the expenses that are matched with those revenues.In contrast, cash basis accounting measures sales unless cash is actually received similarly with costs they are deducted from sales in the same period they are paid for cash disbursements. Varying approach to accounting for depreciation is also permiited such as charging expense everywhere a short period of time compared to its useful life of accepted assets. (straight line method versus the accelerated depreciation). This lets the fixed assets expense higher at the early years of its acquisiton, thereby reducing taxable income.This approach to depreciation poses a benefit to a company to actually invest in fixed assets which may lead to operating efficiences. Another perspective is that occupancys commonly does a separate keeping of record for tax accounting think in or der to minimize the possible amount of taxable income. In reality, companies tend to overstate income when the financial information is being presented to external creditors or investors, whereas understating it to government regulators.This is practically done by businesses to stay in businesswhich is logical and legal. The most important thing to be adhered is to report financials set within accordance to the tax regulations, otherwise a company give be subject to loss of credibilty and trustworthiness to stakeholders and other external parties. References Is It reasoned for a Business to Maintain Two Sets of Accounting Records? eHow. com http//www. ehow. com/info_7840065_legal-two-sets-accounting-records. htmlixzz29M1e7rFq

Diversity in American Education Before 1960 Essay

The diversity in terms of the student community in American commandment in front 1960 was generally dependent upon the issue of racial equating. The push for racial equality in the United States got a boost from the demands position on only facets of society during World War II. The mobilization effort relied on the glum race to win the war and once it was over, there was no crook back. Further much, the ideals of freedom and equality, which were the backbone of the Allied war cry and the primeation for the anti-communist westbound social movement, did not sit well alongside Jim Crow laws and commonplace acts of racial divergence.The Jim Crow System is also called segregation. It is a process in and through with(predicate) which Southerners may be said to legitimize their racial subordination over the Blacks or Negroes. It is a system in and through which the rally idea is distinguishableiation. The said(prenominal) differentiation is done on the terms of ethnicit y or race. It is therefore not difficult to see that such a system allow encounter numerous criticisms due to the implications that result from it. distinction entails the recognition that races ar different and as such, it creates a political context of use that separates races such as the ovalbumins from the Blacks.In addition to this, it also separates and ultimately, limits or limit races such as the Blacks to a complaisant sphere with corresponding social functions that argon imposed on them. In line with this, this paper impart focus on the manifestations and effects of racial segregation on the American globe educational system before 1960. It will do so since the end of racial segregation within the American public invade system was largely determined by the effects of the Civil Rights movement as can be seen in the discussion of the controlling administration Cases on educational and racial equality before 1960.The following compositors carapaces will show th e effects of racial inequality on the diversity of the population in the American public educational system prior to the same period. In 1954, the United States of Americas imperious Court unyielding a landmark case concerning educational and racial equality. In embrown v. dialog box of Education of Topeka, 347 U. S. 483 (1954), the Courts sentiment is grounded on the commandment that the doctrine of separate but equal this doctrine is referring to the segregation policy, more specifically, the segregation policy in the trail days in the U.S. will not and cannot put forward Black Americans with the same sustainards and quality of education available for clear Americans. The move thus, outlawed the racial segregation of public education facilities for the aforementioned reason. On May 17, 1954 the Warren Court handed down a 9-0 close which stated, in clear and certain terms, that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Chief Justice Warren writes Today , education is perhaps the nearly important function of state and local governments.Compulsory school attention laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. It is required in the performance of our most basic public responsibilities, even service in the armed forces. It is the very foundation of solid citizenship. Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the nestling to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to queue normally to his environment. In these days, it is doubtful that any child may s set downly be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the fortune of an education.Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. (1954, np) Moreover, racial segregation, as the court sees it, is against the pronouncements of the Constitution the segregatio n of students on the basis of race or ethnicity and the legalization of a segregated public school education through the enactment of certain statutes serving to legitimize the creation and operation of schools that are exclusively for Whites or for Blacks, is clearly, not justified.The Supreme Courts ruling in chocolate-brown v. Board of Education of Topeka remains and is sedate considered as a turning point in the determination of racial diversity in the educational institutions within the United States. The second case involves an implication of the brown Cases Brown Cases since there are Brown I, II and threesome cases.Due to the Supreme Courts verdict that segregation is un constitutive(a) and of course, due to the increasing rallies, boycotts and protests conducted by the advocates of the Civil Rights Movement, issues regarding busing as an appropriate actor by which school administrators may comply with the then seemingly entire requirement of desegregation. Swann v. Cha rlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U. S. 1 (1971) was an important United States Supreme Court case which deals with the busing of students to promote integration in the public school system.After the first trials decision in estimate of the Board of Education, the Court held that busing was the appropriate solution to address the existing racial imbalance among schools at the time, even where the imbalance resulted from the selection of students ground on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. Busing was done as in the cases of two Northern cities capital of Massachusetts and New York to ensure that schools would be properly integrated and that all students would feel equal educational opportunities regardless of their ethnicity or race Mil analogousn vs. Bradley 418 U. S.717 (1974), just like the Swann n. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education case is also an separate case concerning busing. Specifically, the Milliken vs. Bradley case deals with the planned forced busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in Detroit. Hence, the case is also a consequence of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case. The Court held that with no showing of remarkable violation by the 53 outlying school districts and no exhibit of any interdistrict violation or effect, the district courts remedy was wholly impermissible and not justified by Brown v.Board of Education (Milliken vs. Bradley 418 U. S. 717, 1974, np). The following statement by Friedman echoes the ramifications of the Milliken v. Bradley case The ground was made safe for white flight. White suburbs were secure in their sedgelike enclaves. Official, legal segregation indeed was dead but what replaced it was a deeper, more profound segregation Tens of thousands of black children attend schools that are all black, schools where they never see a white face and they live massed in ghettos which are also entire ly black. (Friedman, 2004, p. 296)Another case set during 1974 shows the conditions of diversity in the American public school system prior to 1960. Morgan v. Hennigan is a section action suit on behalf of fifteen Black parents and 43 children which found the capital of Massachusetts civilise Committee guilty of maintaining a dual, that is, segregated school system. In a court order issued by Garrity, imposed or forced busing will be done on the city of Boston in order to achieve racial balance in public schools. The aforementioned court order was based on a composite system of racial parity and ignored previous busing solutions.The Boston schooldays Committee, according to the ruling of the court, through various means and capacities violated the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs by imposing segregation in terms assigning students to other areas, segregating residential patterns, transportation and grade system policies, to name a few. The School Committee thus, violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution because instead of ensuring that Black children be given equal protection under the law, the segregation policies instead placed the Black children in an unfair disadvantage.The proper course of action that schools should take according to the court is to enact policies that will eliminate racial variation and not its converse. We will now discuss Boston Busing in the light of Ronald Formisanos Boston Against Busing Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. Formisanos conclusion regarding busing was that it is a failure. The main aims of desegregation are supposedly, educational equality and racial equality. some(prenominal) aims however, were never achieved.The desegregation and affirmative action policies were results of the Civil Rights Movement and the Supreme Court rulings on the cases discussed earlier. History reveals that the expedited implementation of these policies was not beneficial to the American society since it involves an overhaul of large areas of American civil society and political culture. This construal may be strengthened by the White Backlash Movements in Boston. Formisano sees the White Backlash as in the case of Boston as a chemical chemical reaction to the implemented forced busing.He further defines the Whites reaction as a reactionary populism involving the middle, working class moved by a hotshot of flagellum regarding the policies implemented during the time and the escalating number of White v. Black incidents in the community and schools. It is also interesting to note that the White Backlash, like the Civil Rights Movement of the Blacks lacked a unified reaction and stand on the issue. Whites responded differently, so to speak, on the issue of forced busing. Formisanos abstract that the White Backlash is moved by a sense of threat is indeed a plausible idea.Other Whites actually support the anti-racial discrimination campaigns but the expedited implementation of desegr egation, forced busing and affirmative action threatened their sense of security and their sense of community. In other words, it went too far. Given the aforementioned cases, diversity in American public education before 1960 was largely determined by racial stratification. This however was largely affected by the Civil Rights movement since the movement questioned the main assumption regarding the treatment of individuals with different racial backgrounds.ReferencesBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. S. 483 (1954). Friedman, L. (2002). American Law in the Twentieth Century. New Haven Yale University Press. Formisano, R. (2004). Boston Against Busing Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. Carolina University of Carolina Press. Milliken vs. Bradley 418 U. S. 717 (1974). Morgan v. Hennigan, 379 F. Supp. 410 (1974). Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U. S. 1 (1971). Warren in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. S. 483 (1954).

IT †Foundations of Computing and Communication Essay

There is no doubt that with the increased availability of communications and Information engine room, chooseers often consider themselves as they chouse all(prenominal) data that their universities argon providing with. Even parents are misguided by their children when they come to know that their children are capable of operating computers and bring home the baconing Internet access. However, the situation is just antagonist of what is percept by the parents.Students operate computers thereby gaining access to Internet, non to get novel concepts and technological advancements to agree updated, but to be a pick of entertainment provided by the Internet such as complex online games, chatting on workgroups, etc. Such widespread availability of Technology does not hire any individual, literate enough to consider his figure room studies outdated. In this context it would not be wrong to say that engineering and communications (Example mul epochdia software and Internet access) brings a vast array of image-establish cultivation into the classroom.Before becoming available via the computer, this kind of tuition was found in the universities library and, on occasions, through the use of 16mm film, filmstrips and, later, videotape and then cassette. (Abbott, 2000, p. 6) juvenile UK government policy on ICT is fouled by five look reports from the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA). The just about novel report was an analysis and investigation of the sleepers in the midst of high level and pocket-sized level usage of IT ( cyberspaceed technologies) and the educational attainment of pupils at university stages.This was cod to the moderateness students became over confident however there was a positive and right probability for acquiring high ICT and pupil attainment in most(prenominal) of the associations (various subjects at different key stages) but in most cases this association was not statistically remar kable (7 out of 12 associations) and those associations that were statistically significant typically observed only if very small effects. The most fear roughly aspect of the report was that the critical analysis negates the methods and data exemplifyed in the reports that does not consistently support the conclusions drawn by the government policy documents.Indeed, some of the data can be interpreted as showing that ICT is unable(p) for students who misuse them. According to Andrews, In addition, the evidence presented in the report was based on observational data and it is not by any inwardness possible to establish and sustain a causal descent among the level of ICT use and the educational attainment of the pupils be sweat the observed effects could shed been due to other known or unknown variables. (Andrews, 2004, p. 34)The role of the savant should not by any means conflict with that of the instructor, as any instructor has his/her own teaching expressive style. Th erefore in situations where students consider IT occupy available on every doorstep, it would not be right for a student to consider technological learning useless or lowball the teachers lecture. Every teacher has its own mode and style of teaching IT which universities understand. Even most educational systems do not serve quickly to technological advances.Educational institutions act as a solid ground where universities are, by their very nature, conservators of prior noesis, accepted understandings and proven methodologies. According to Mellon (1999) Technology cannot guarantee learning as we cannot force students to learn every student has a unique learning style followed by his teachers and teachers has their own affectiveness in the eyes of the student even more all-important(prenominal) than the most sophisticated educational tools (Mellon, 1999, p. 34).Mellon is right to the extent until students are keen to learn technological advancements, but obviously it is not the responsibility of a teacher who spends hours of hard work in preparing computing lectures. This is evident from the case subject in which I interviewed Dr. Jack Thomas, a professor of Information systems at Glasgow University. Being a computer lecturer, Mr. Thomas still updates his knowledge every week, and in inn to conduct a session he postulate to prepare his lectures according to the students learning skills.He often conducts hands on experience session in which he wants his students to be technically acquainted with the changing IT grades. However in a cut discover of . NET framework class, in the very beginning of a lecture he found majority of the class was not monstrous about learning and in the last lecture he declare that the remaining half of the students who actively participated in . NET session were not able to resolve simple . NET programming questions.According to Mcghee (2003) the new system which emerged in 2002 and highlighted various issues regarding information that universities would contain or should have anyway and which is in any event assumed to be information normally produced by the HEI for its own internal QA procedures, has failed to identify the major cause of lacking skills among IT students. The QAA and HEFCE distinguish between information which should be available in all universities at a high level to enable donnish quality and standards to be monitored, such as summaries of external examiners reports.(Mcghee, 2003, p. 44) An understanding of the enormousness of organisational culture in universities is important in designing quality say-so processes to apply to the use of ICT in teaching and learning, in making sure enough they are appropriate, and in being confident that they will gain acceptance. justly management of universities is improved when the values of professional groups with strong share cultures order with the organisational culture of the University.The design of quality assurance process es in teaching require concerns about the values and roles of such groups, and to build on them from the top quite a little and the bottom up, to maximise the effectiveness of such quality assurance processes. As far as quality is concerned, every year universities in UK traditionally work through coordination of collective decision-making processes, and this provides an important basis upon which issues relating to quality are played out. (Bhanot & F acknowledges, 2005, p. 23)It is therefore crucial to ensuring a student-centred approach to teaching and learning that quality assurance guidelines and measurable standards and performance indicators were established top spile to adhere to standards, and bottom up to integrate with teachers judgements on the appropriateness of the educational applications of the technology. The current power of digital technology can be achieved only when we take advantage of the shift from the one-to-many character of broadcast media, to the many- to-many ability of digital networks.To this end, the most productive early applications of digital technology in high education involved using computer conferencing, electronic mail, listservs (threaded discussions), and other computer-based coaction technology to link together both students and qualification in exceedingly interactive learning communities, unconstrained by geographical location or time. Students already make extensive use of digital technology for daily learning, typically without the involvement or even the awareness of the faculty.They build study groups, in some cases spanning several academic institutions, working together to try on information, answer questions, and develop learning skills. In a very real sense, such study groups based on computer networks are providing students with greater control over their educational experiences. They also represent a trend in which students construct their own consortia of learning resources and academic instituti ons just as the faculty build their own research consortia.Of prey, these network-based student groups represent an important step toward active student learning. (In fact, when students are asked how they could best spend time on their college academic programs, they invariably rank student study groups at the very top, far above individual study or class attendance. ) On the other hand, todays concept of a teacher is not what was in the past that a teacher is one who develops and presents knowledge to passive students.Today, faculty members who have become experts in certain subfields are expected to identify the key knowledge content for a course based in front of their students with an aim to inspire or impress their students. Only in this manner the students accept their tutors they should look forward to gain knowledge. Frequently, others, including graduate teaching assistants and professional staff, are assigned the role of working directly with students, helping them to le arn, and providing them with guidance and counselling.In a future progressively dominated by sophisticated educational commodities and hyper learning experiences, the role of the faculty member will shift. In the new paradigms where the demand of IT is increasing in our social and economic gatherings, the role of the faculty member has become that of nurturing and steer active learning, not identifying and presenting content that is, they will be expected to inspire, motivate, manage, and direct students. (Atkins et al, 2002, p. 65)The widespread use of Information Technology does not mean that in a world driven by knowledge, students starts considering IT learning useless, enough or off-again experience. There is a need for people to realise that the only termination is to engage in continuous learning so that they can keep themselves and their skills updated. This need suggests that the relationship between a student, professor and the university may change just as we know tha t a student if gains technical skills of technology subjects can be ahead of his professor.Computer literacy courses were initially encounter between technical education in learning centres and theoretical education in universities, they emerged as a culture that regards microcomputer technology as a revolutionary social force, and faculty who regard the computer instrumentally as a tool or machine. Computer experts call IT knowledge that enables them to get require over statement over the computer problem solving, which includes heuristics (powerful ideas), attitudes about control (giving commands), and social relations (consulting) that transform the relationship between human and machine.(Shields, 1995, p. 24) Progressive reformers could not carry out their mastery program in IT earlier in the 20th century due to the reason that they did not have the means to deliver such tell instruction. The advent of computer changed the Progressive movement thinking towards importance of s tudents unequivocal their own learning it had no way to create an environment that would allow such self-management to occur. (Schank, 1995, p. 67)Computer technology has made todays students to acquire individualised attention and real opening move and possess the ability to present students with tasks they are interested in doing. The technical skills emerged from the IT has offerred students the possibility of becoming inquisitive, the possibility of exploration, and the possibility of recovery from failure that is exonerate from embarrassment. Computer systems can free education centres and universities to follow the course prescribed by the processes of natural learning.In the same manner as understanding the place of technology and technological innovation requires an understanding of the culture in which the technology is embedded, in order to grasp the technological concepts a student has to understand and grasp the changes to IT. Computers where on one hand offer student s to explore technology from the ground take root level, on the other hand computers affects the ways students live and work in the context of existing individual and group social patterns.The Littlefield students did not imagine that their increased access to computers distinguished them from other freshmen in significant ways, and our observations support this belief. Instead of isolating individuals, as computers are sometimes thought to do, the Littlefield network reinforced community life the computers and the network presented a set of shared problems, the solutions to which were discovered through a set of shared resources. In this way, students fundamental interaction with the computers and with each other were typical of their behaviour in other domains. (Shields, 1995, p. 142)

Intergroup Relations.Group behavior in organizations Essay

Inter free radical RelationsIntroduction Organizations are made of various(prenominal) employees who are grouped using contrasting criteria for the achievement of certain goals and objectives. Groups wad be formed in terms of departments, related tasks or shared come out goals. Intergroup relations occur since the groups aim different functions but, they all serve the relate of the same organization(Robbins, 2014). Therefore, this leads to two types of relations namely, intergroup conflict and intergroup competition. The two are distinct terms with different meanings and firms are capitalizing on strategies that yield positive outcomes out of this relations. Intergroup conflicts is the differences and disagreements that rises among groups in a lendn organization. According to Losh (2011),conflict is considered harmful to the effective works relations in a lodge. However, intergroup conflict is categorized into functional conflict and dysfunctional conflict. Funct ional conflict is regarded healthy when it occurs in the midst of two or more group. Example of intergroup conflict is a department armed combating to have most of the companys resources at the expense of jeopardizing the functionality of early(a)s On the other hand, intergroup competition is of a positive perspective in organizations. It is where the various groups fight to outdo each other in terms of performance and stimulus to the realization of the corporate goals. Intergroup competition is catalyzed by awarding best groups or departments, financial incentives, and acknowledgment for their effort(Losh, 2011). A good example of intergroup competition is departments competing to be named as the most accountable for resources assigned to them. Management of organization necessitate to take advantage of conflicts and competition among groups by applying necessary strategies that will give positive outcomes. One of the strategies is ensuring efficient communication ch annels within the company to ensure equal access to information by all the groups(Robbins, 2014). other strategy is providing a clear definition of role and responsibilities for each group to avoid a clash of roles. Equal resource allocation among the different groups is also an important strategy for limiting conflicts and enhancing positive competition between groups.ReferencesLosh, S. (2011). Group behavior in organizations. San Diego Bridgepoint Education.Robbins, S. (2014). Organizational Behavior(Group Dynamics in the advance(a) Corporate World). New York Prentice Hall.Source document

Geneogram

THE COMMON PATTERNS THAT I SAW ON MY GENEOGRAM AND HOW IT AFFECT WHO I AM TODAY Upon making and completing my Geneogram, the send-off thing that I got to realize is that I am really successful with my family. We capability not hire a lot of avocationals just wish well other families but no one in our family, whether mother or draw side has any mental issues or any addictions to anything. Also, there are no bitter misunderstanding within our family that might put one over resulted to any conflicts.Another usual number that I saw is the common profession in our family. It is either engineering or nursing. This might explain as to why I chose engineering as a profession. It is visible that It is the common profession being practiced in our family. Another significant archetype that is visible is the number of children each of my Tito/Tita have. No one from any of my Tito/Tita has a number of children greater than three. This might explain why my mother and father only had tw o children of their own.Also, another pattern that is visible is the age in which my cousins had children. My geneogram results shows that no one from my cousins became a parent before the reach 25. This might also in a way explain as to why I still mountt have children of my own today. THINGS TO be restored / CHANGE IN MY GENEOGRAM PATTERNS Even though my geneogram is quite a normal, comfortably geneogram of a normal family, there is one area of improvement that I saw. There might be little areas to heal or I lossed to change.That area is that we do not have a pattern our family that has a occupying or entrepreneurial background. Most of my familys pattern shows that most of us became professionals. That might not be a bighearted thing for others, but it might be for me because I wanted to have my own business someday and if I were to look at my familys geneogram there is no significant pattern that shows me that there is a leadership or entrepreneurial pattern. So I cannot get the said aptitude anywhere within my family.But to clear things up, I love my family, I codt want to change anything and I dont want to give it up for anything in the world but just of academics sake, if I were to choose an area for improvement, I speak up that will be it. HOW flowerpot MY ANSWERS ABOVE HELP ME BECOME A LEADER IN MY employment? Now that I have seen that what are the patterns and areas of improvement from my geneogram, more specifically the family members that does not have leadership skills. This might explain why I also lack leadership qualities in my office.I was offered on many occasions, from my introductory and present work, to have an opportunity to be promoted and handle people. But I turn down those opportunities because deep in my heart I think that I am afraid to take the lead because I dont have the said background from my family and does not feel cheery leading people. And upon doing this geneogram, I got to realize that yeah, I am afraid to lead people because no one in my family taught me that skill. And I think for me is the great area of improvement for myself and my career.

Spectroscopy Lab Report

cName Nicholas CasselGen Chem 1210 23 March 2013 Blinded By the set out Abstract In this experiment we were provided a food grain boxwood mass spectrometer to observe the emanation makes of terrific gases and heat content. Based on the surpass readings on the spectrometer and the Balmer-Rydberg formula, their wavelengths and percent shift were cap competent to be extrapolated. Based on the literature values, the cereal box spectrometer proved its value as a decently accurate spectrometer. Introduction Every portion and attendant atom associated emits take fire also know as electromagnetic radiation, when in an excited state.Analyzing this emitted gentle sewer give insight to the makeup and characteristics of them. The light given off by an energetically excited atom is not a continuous distribution of all possible wavelengths, but quite a consists of a few wavelengths giving a series of discrete terminations. spectrum analysis is the analysis of that emitted light an d its dispersion into to its component wavelengths and colors. Niels Bohr explained the discrete spectrum of hydrogen? by relating it to the electron. Normally the electron in the hydrogen atom is locate in the prototypic energy-level.When a hydrogen atom atoms gains energy, the electron moves from a lower energy-level to one of higher(prenominal) energy. The energy gained by the atom is incisively the amount of energy needed to move the electron from the lower energy-level to the higher energy-level. With its electron in a higher energy-level, the atom is now in an unst able, higher energy, excited state. The tendency is for electrons to occupy the lowest level avai lable. So shortly after gaining the energy, the electron returns to a lower energy-level. Energy must be given up when this occurs, and the energy is lost as light.Each pull back in the emitted light of hydrogen represents the movement of an electron from a special outer level to a specific inner one. We judge thi s emitted light against the electromagnetic spectrum with a spectrometer. A spectrometer is an instrument that gathers light particles (photons) and is able to determine the chemical make-up of the source. A spectrometer breaks up a beam of light into its component colors. Usually it uses a prism or a diffraction grating. Light goes in as a beam of uninfected light and is split into a rainbow. Particular atoms generate light at particular frequencies (colors) and so can be identified in the lab.The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This range extends from sub-radio waves to gamma rays. megascopic light falls within this spectrum. The light emitted by each element is independently different and has different colors that can be bumpn on the spectrum. The Balmer-Rydberg formula is used to describe the emission lines of hydrogen across the wide-cut spectrum and not just visible light. The purpose of this laboratory experi ment is to see the emitted wavelengths of elements through a spectroscope and calculate the wavelengths with the Balmer-Rydberg formula.Then with the calculations, relate them to the atom. I consider that with the localise calculations and comparisons the wavelengths, each emission line will be able to be determined. Experimental The procedures as per the lab manual page 258 (Grossie, Underwood, 2012) were to first calibrate our spectroscope with helium. Looking at helium through the spectroscope, the emission lines where seen and recorded. That entropy was hence put into Microsoft Excel and put into a represent. From the graph a formula was extrapolated. The spectroscope was used to observe and record the fours phantasmal lines of hydrogen.The calibration plot from helium determine the wavelengths of each of the lines by extrapolation. analyze the calculated wavelengths to those determined from the calibration plot, and thusly(prenominal) calculate the percent misplay for the values. Then the spectroscope was used to suppose the spectral lines of argon, krypton, neon and Xenon. These noble gasses are then calculated in the same manner as hydrogen. Data Results The wavelengths (? ) for helium for the calibration were given to us in our lab manual on page 261 (Grossie, D. , et al. 2012). With the spectroscope, the helium in the discharge vacuum tube was observed. The emission line scale eading and colors were then recorded on table 1. 1 which can be found below. These values where then put into an excel spreadsheet and graph was formed (table 1. 2). An equation was then extrapolated from the data that would give the experimental wavelength (expt ? ) values that will be used for after values. The apparent motion line for table 1. 2 was established to see the affinity between wavelength and scale readings. Expt ? =a ? +b Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 1 Helium Calibration ? (nm) Scale Reading assumption 667. 8 45 rose-cheeked 587. 6 35 Yellow 501. 6 22 young 492. 2 20 blue(a)-green 471. 3 18 Blue 47. 1 15 empurpled TABLE 1. 2 Helium Calibration graph Then, by measuring and calculative the emission lines in the hydrogen line spectrum, the data on table 1. 3 was collected. The calculated wavelength (Calc ? ) was determined by the Balmer-Rydberg formula. 1? =R(1m2-1n2) R=Rydberg constant quantity=1. 0968x107m-1 The percent flaw was then calculated by the following equation. mistake %=(calc ? -expt ? )calc ? The experimental wavelength (expt ? ) was determined with, Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 3 Hydrogen arc Scale Reading Color Expt ? m n Calc ? ? % misapprehension 1 2 1 3 1 4 45 Red 665. 05 2 3 656. 11 1. 36 26 light-green 529. 12 2 4 486 8. 87 13 Blue 436. 12 2 5 433. 94 0. 5 29 Indigo 550. 58 2 6 410. 07 34. 26 3 4 3 5 3 6 The measuring and calculating of the emission lines in the Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon line spectrums yielded the data on tables 1. 4-1. 7. The calc ulated wavelength (Calc ? ) was determined by the Balmer-Rydberg formula. 1? =R(1m2-1n2) R=Rydberg Constant=1. 0968x107m-1 The percent error was then calculated by the following equation. error %=(calc ? -expt ? )calc ?The experimental wavelength (expt ? ) was determined with, Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 4 Neon run Ne Scale Reading Color Expt ? Calc ? % error 45 Red 665. 05 640. 2 3. 88 38 Orange 614. 97 607. 4 1. 24 35 Yellow 593. 51 588. 2 0. 9 27 Green 536. 28 540. 1 0. 7 TABLE 1. 5 Argon Emission Ar Scale Reading Color Expt ? Calc ? % error 10 Violet 414. 66 454. 6 8. 78 32 Yellow 572. 05 514. 5 11. 18 54 Red 729. 44 528. 7 37. 96 TABLE 1. 6 Krypton Emission Kr Scale Reading Color Expt ? Calc ? % error 30 Green 557. 74 476. 3 17. 09 13 Violet 436. 12 406. 7. 31 15 Blue Violet 450. 43 415. 4 8. 43 34 Yellow 586. 35 520. 8 12. 58 TABLE 1. 7 Xenon Emission Xe Scale Reading Color Expt ? Calc ? % error 21 Green 493. 35 513. 1 3. 84 18 Blue 471. 89 464. 3 1. 63 Disc ussion The helium trend line in table 1. 2 shows that as the longer the wavelength gets, higher the scale rating becomes. This is because the longer the wavelength is, the less energy it has. The emission lines of hydrogen were then observed and recorded on table 1. 3 with the scale readings. The m and n levels were already given to us on the table front to the beginning of the lab.Using the Balmer-Rydberg formula, the wavelength could be calculated. Using the calibration of helium, the experimental calculation was able to be determined with the equation extrapolated from excel. The two results gave rise to the error calculations. equivalence the hydrogen results with tables 1. 4 1. 7, its can be seen that there is a trend of the longer the wavelength is, the more percent error there is. Through our cereal box spectrometers, the emission lines of the low energy waves viewed a the color scarlet are more broad than that of the high energy waves because theirs are oft longer respe ctively.This makes it more difficult to determine the exact scale reading. With the correct calculations as proposed, each emission line was able to be determined. consequence The ability to observe emission lines then decipher the element is a useful application in the fields of astronomy. Astronomers are able to view the emissions and determine the chemical make up of a specific design billions of miles away. The data collected indicated that as the lower the energy of the waves, there was a error percentage. This error is also from a cereal box spectrometer.It can be inferred that there is an inherent amount of decreased precision in assessing the scale readings. Future experiments could mum make use of the cereal box but also have a laboratory quality spectrometer to compare accuracy too. There could be significant human error in the construction of the cereal box versions. The results of this experiment, bar any inaccuracy, where still in line of the calibrated helium. Refer ences Grossie, D. & Underwood K. (2011). Laboratory Guide for Chemistry. nuclear Spectrometry, Wright State University. Dayton, OH.

Explain how work practises in the commercial kitchen

Explain how ca-ca practices in the commercial message kitchen atomic number 18 Important In prevention of feed poisoning legal profession of viands poisoning In a commercial kitchen Is highly Important as you risk your profession re spewation and worst of all you whitethorn ca accustom death. There be many ways intellectual nourishment poisoning Is e call offled through diet Laws, check own(prenominal)ised hygienics and crystalize environmental hygiene. Food Laws are extremely Important way to minimize regimen poisoning, as they are laws put Into place to en sure enough nutriment Is fit for human consumption and that the telephone circuit serving food apply hygiene and even off safety procedures.The food laws set In place for NEWS are Food passage 2003, NEWS food authorities and Food Regulations 2010. The National food laws are Food Safety Standard Code and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. not Complying with the laws can result in death/inour of customers , fines, closure of business and name on the shame file. The laws are easily found on the internet, or at local councils. Complying with food is an heavy way to prevent food poising crystalise personal hygiene is an important way to minimize and drive off food poisoning it is the maintenance of your own personal level of cleanliness.An employer of a food business should always talk to their employees about correct personal hygiene and what do if they notice another employee not using correct personal hygiene. There is many ways to obtain good personal hygiene and they include Clean uniform, Hair contained, no jewelry, no compass polish/fake nails and washed hands and showered before arrival. Also wash hands correctly is an important prevention tool, you should always, rinse with hot wet, use anti-bacterial soap, scrub finger nails, around and under fingers, rinse with hot water and dry with paper tool or blow dry. E of correct personal hygiene is an important way to prevent fo od poisoning. Correct environmental hygiene is an important way to minimize and stop food poisoning it is the level of cleanliness in your own work area, including equipment. Bad environmental hygiene can lead to food poisoning through insecure garbage dispose, incorrect food handling, incorrect assigning/cleaning, presence of curse word and vermin and incorrect storage of food.Food that are hot should always gentle hot and cold foods should always stay cold, also make sure foods that are at high risk foods are cooked thoroughly. The use of strain coded chopping boards Is a necessity to stop cross-contamination. Use of correct environmental hygiene In an Important way to prevent food poisoning. Prevention of food polling In a commercial kitchen Is an Important way to stop and enamels food poisoning.There are many ways food polling Is minimized through Food laws, Correct personal hygiene and correct environmental hygiene. Explain how work practices in the commercial kitchen are im portant in prevention of food poisoning By illegitimately Explain how work practices in the commercial kitchen are important in prevention of DOD poisoning Prevention of food poisoning in a commercial kitchen is extremely important as you risk your business reputation and worst of all you may cause death.

Gender Inequalities in the Workplace Essay

Describe and analyse sexual urge inequalities in the body of hunt down? sex inequalities in the consort range everyplacehear been an ongoing issue for umteen years, which has mainly been central to wo custody in the work, as senior manage custodyt has prioritised manpower everyplace wo custody. This has made it very difficult for women to work their modal value up to focusing as women argon considered to be incompetent compargond to the men in the piece of work. The wage gap surrounded by men and women has raised much debate, as men argon generally more likely to reward pay more than women.There has been much confusion that sex and sex be the like scarce actually there is a vast discrepancy of opinion surrounded by the two concepts as sexual practice is the social, cultural and psychological difference between a manly and female. Where as sex is refereed to the biology of a individualist in other terms the sex that an individual is innate(p) for example a male or female. sexual activity socialisation is a key aspect to understand the differences between men and women as the modality society portrays them is very different. http//www. msu. edu/user/yarbrou7). Gender in comparison is highlighted in the location that men and women pitch in society as men are considered to nurture better jobs, which then(prenominal) leads men becoming wealthier then women. The direct social institutions where gender inequalities occur is in educational systems, family life and the workplace. Gender has been considered an unlimited dimension that has been based on the different status of men and women, which has been inn effect for decades.However the feminist movement in the 1960s established resurrection by studecease gender issues, which highlighted that inequalities towards women down been in place in the social system of society as men are considered to be the breadwinners and women, should be housewives and mothers. (http//www. msu. edu/u ser/yarbrou7/) . Cultural inequalities consisted of women not being qualified to vote, achieve a higher(prenominal) level education and have the mightiness to own their own property as men were since to be responsible for(p) for the wellbeing of a woman.In relation the era of the seventies brought with it aware rights that allowed women to vote for the first time, which made women ol particularory modality that they did have followence in the society that they live in. Voting rights brought women a sense of existence but inequalities still remained in the social institutions that have been developed to make individuals separatist in society. These inequalities are still existent in salaries and employment in the 21st century. In the workplace there have been various types of gender inequalities that have affected each post an individual has been allocated by an employer.As women are becoming more educated their has been a rapid addition in the amount of women that are profes sionals in the workplace as a result educated women are still being under paying as men are considered to be more competent workers. In manual of arms workplaces unions are considered the chief(a) means for women to take control over what actions should be placed in regulate to change the working milieu as a mass of women are generally underpaid in manual industries. (http//www. eldis. org/ dormant/DOC12479. htm)In the workplace there are various formations of gender inequalities that are in affect, which have been highlighted in the wage gap between men and women who are employed in the same workplace, job trade protection for men is in affect initially as they are told by there senior where as for women they are required to prove that there suggest in the workplace has added to the effective run of the entire plane section as well as the whole organisation. Men further have the ability to achieve alternative employment more conveniently as women have the added ram of domes tic duties in the fireside that includes tike rearing. http//www. eldis. org/static/DOC12479. htm) Sexual exploitation and violence towards women has occurred for years, which has mainly been initiated by senior management as they generally feel that they have the authority and dominance to over power women. In order for men to maintain and understand that it is lively to under go change in terms of women being case-hardened as equals save as men are a name of issues need to be considered by men some(prenominal) in the workplace and in the (home. http//www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0763170. tml) Men need to understand that the domestic duties around the home need to be divided so those women have the ability to go out and make a calling for themselves just as men do. Men being able to keep their masculinity is an important calculate of being a man as many men feel that when their wives go out to work they have lost there purpose as being the man of the house as women as just a s capable of carrying out the same responsibilities in the workplace as men, which can be very threatening for a majority of men. kindly stigma has influenced the particular that men are afraid of being undermined by a women but can be acceptable by a fellow male colleague. Furthermore men should accept and adapt to equality in the workplace as a result of much of the work load can be shared as well as new ideas can be generated that the male colleagues may not have explored. The advantages of women becoming equal in the workplace can generate a better standard of living for men as the pressure for men being the sole breadwinner can be shared along with share the duties in the workplace.This will encourage a better atmosphere in the workplace as the male colleagues will have slight(prenominal) pressure to produce certain tasks by a given deadline as women are able to help with the performance and outcome of the task. The importance of women sharing the workload allows men to be m ore spry fathers, as they will have the time and energy to spend with their children rather then having women playing an active part in the childs life.The functionalist perspective on gender inequalities are evident as Talcott Parsons suggests that in order for socialisation to be clear it is important that individuals are able to have a corroboratory and stable family as Parsons believes that the family life is the some precise and effective way for individuals to understand sexual divisions that occur in social institutions home. (http//www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0763170. tml) This suggests that sociologists are more concerned in the way society segregates men and women to explain wherefore gender inequalities occur and how changes can be made in order to make society a institute that is bases on each individual being treated equal regardless(prenominal) of age, sex or gender. Gender wage gap highlights the significant difference in takings that women get compared to men. It has been estimated that on average women earn 23. % less than men do.This figure highlights that majority of employers value the role and exist of the male workers which are indicated in the salary that they take home each month, where as women are paid less regardless of the time and energy that they put in the workplace. Stockyard and Johnson (199232) have both recognised that there are significant differences in wages between men and women although both sexes carry out full time jobs. In 987, the average wage for a male in America was $28,313 where as the wage for women was $18,531, which works out to be approximately 65% of a male workers wages. Stockyard and Johnson have indicated that subvert pay does not represent lower qualifications than men have or employment in areas that require less education. This suggests that education is the key to a better-paid job not the fact that gender affects the amount of wages an individual is entitled to.Grint (1994203) suggests that the main terra firma to why women are treated unequally is dependent on the screen position of their husband as the higher the class of the male the higher the class of the female. This suggests that if a woman has a husband or a partner of a higher social class then the women is more likely to be respected by society, where as if a woman is from a lower social class then the women is most likely to be treated unequally.Gamarnikow, Morgan, Purvis and Taylorson (198399), in relation have highlighted the fact that working class womens oppression as inextricably linked with their exploitation as workers. This suggests that working class women are vulnerable in the workplace as they have no choice but to call the conditions of work as the value of the money they are getting is besides valuable to give up although they are being exploited. Furthermore, employers are able to target individuals to exploit in the workplace in relation to wages and hour of work.Siltanen (1994120), has furthe r highlighted that men work most commonly in higher grade occupations, which suggests that women are less likely to be move up the top of occupational ladders. Gamarnikow, Morgan, Purvis and Taylorson (1983101). The disadvantages of what has been indicated by Siltanen (1994), is that employers have recognised that women are less likely to apply or be nominated for promotion, where as male colleagues are favoured over women even through many of the women have the same level of experience and education as the male colleagues in the workplace.This has provided to be discrimination towards women, which in many cases can result in women having a low self-esteem. It has been noted by Jacobs (1995) that generally women in the workplace are more likely to be more experienced than men. However, as women have numerous domestic duties in the home such as child rearing it makes it much more difficult for women to continue a career as well as weighing the responsibilities in the home. This fact or is the original factor that effects the position of women in the workplace.Arber and Ginn (Grint, K, 1991) have noted that gender inequality has been predominantly initiated by cultural norms which have been adapted in the work and domestic sphere. The domestic sphere has been commonly associated with the women being the junior-grade breadwinner who are defiantly likely to give up work in order to provide a stable environment for their children, as the fathers are predominantly the primary breadwinners. Where as work sphere is mainly cultural, which is associated with work responsibilities that have hindered women to develop themselves adequately.In conclusion, the analysis that has been researched to determine gender inequalities in the workplace highlight that the gender wage gap is a primary problem which women have been facing for a number of years. Although society nowadays portrays men and women to be equal there are still inequalities that exist within the workplace. Ex amples of such inequalities are that women at work are the ones who out to be weak, when in actual facts women have been seen to be extremely reinforced in the workplace.In my opinion I believe that inequalities in the workplace are still existence but are gradually dying down. However, it is also dependent on the type of employment that men are women are involved in which effects the inequalities that arise in the workplace.

American Beauty: Of Adulthood and Life Transitions

American steady is one of the most well-received movies of our time. As the screen ledger entry of screenwriter Alan B all and director Sam Mendes, the movie has won m any(prenominal) Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It was a good demonstration of antithetical psychological and social themes such as deviancy, romantic and paternal love, sexuality, and beauty.The movies focus is Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey). In fact, as the narrator, Lester is the revolving point of most of the movie. American Beauty paints how he was a year before he died and how hes salmagundid through the year that eventually led to his death.But the movie also focus on former(a) interesting characters most notable of which are his married woman Carolyn (Annette Bening), daughter Jane (Thora Birch), Janes friend Angela Hayes (Mena Suvari), and the neighbor Ricky Fitts (Wes Bentley). Almost all of these characters bear a specific deviant nature and are almost on either poles of the social sphere.Wat ching Lester, Carolyn, Jane, Angela, and Ricky, one realizes that stack really do change behavior based on previous experiences. Although Berk (2004), in her book exploitation Through the Life Span, talked mainly about the change of relationship between parent and child through operant conditioning, this discussion is useful in explaining the hostile relationship between Jane and her parents.As Jane has come to learn from previous experiences, any attempt at trying to bond the family falls into deaf ears hence, shes taken to keeping her mouth shut and maintaining a distant carriage from her father and mother.Perhaps, this type of learning can also aid in understanding Angela. She is course insecure and afraid of being thought normal. But shes learned that putting up a mien and projecting a brazen image elicits a positive rejoinder from men since this eliminates her fears of being just a common person, she has maintained the state image.Lester and Carolyn also demonstrate how a dults react differently when on the brink of transitioning from their peak to old age. Lester copes with his shift to old age in a different manner than Carolyn in the sense that hes preferred to be sedated, to use his own terms.He felt that everything in his livelihood was going descending(prenominal) he was losing his job, he hasnt had sex with his wife in a long time, and he just doesnt find any aspects of his liveness exciting. Yet given over the right stimuli (in the person of Angela, whom he is obviously attracted to), he realizes that aging should not be the end of his life.He starts working out and bettering himself. He shows through his decision to quit his job, resume his teenage job as a fast food employee, and buy his dream car that sometimes, people regress while moving towards old age.Carolyn, however, has an opposite reaction. K straight offing that she now only has limited time, she goes down the serious route. She became more focused on her career and had lit tle time left for personal pleasure.Jane and Angela on the other hand, show teenagers metamorphosing into adults. Jane, realizing that most teenagers her age are already forming well-developed breasts, reacts to her maturation by desiring breast augmentation.Angela, though, who projects a confident stance, does not do or deficiency to do anything as drastic. In fact, it seems that she is unmindful of the possible biological changes that adulthood might bring to her current good looks.Lesters obsession with Angela has given him an energy boost. Suddenly, he finds the guts to stand up to his wife and beg for what he wants. Then he gets involved in a physical fitness regimen and dives into the use of marijuana (which he purchases from Ricky).This has eventually led to drastic changes in his family life Carolyn and he find themselves quarreling in front of Jane, who naturally forms greater hatred for her parents.Early in the film and towards the middle part, we get a glimpse at ho w Ricky feels about death. He thinks that death is nothing to annoying about and is something interesting to watch. This was apparent in the scene where he was put down a dead bird and describes it as beautiful.And the death of Lester reinforces this examining Lesters bloody body, Ricky utters, Wow. Lester also portrays a way of coping with death. Through his narration, he describes death as a sort of freedom and a culmination of everything that is happy.Using Lester as a narrator, Ball speaks of how the after life does exist and how it is something that we all have to go through at one point in our lives.American Beauty is not just another pretty, award-winning movie. It is an effective demonstration of how people react differently towards changes in life, specifically adulthood and life transitions.ReferencesMendes, Sam. (Director). (1999, October 1). American Beauty Motion picture. USA DreamWorks.Berk, Laura E. (2004). Development Through the Life Span. Boston,

Task B Tpp 101

Hoffman and Elwins (2003) article examines The Relationship Between Critical cerebration and potency in Decision Making for new graduate nurses. The authors identify to prove that no cor relation back exists in the midst of higher order ratiocination of new graduates and their ability to make sound clinical choices in relation to patient management. Critical designateing in the breast feeding field is defined as last making based on the analysis of clinical problems through reflection and reasoning to ensure optimum patient outcomes.US and UK studies make no link amidst comminuted persuasion and clinical decision making while Korean enquiry identifies a positive correlation coefficient. cardinal the signifi brush offce of Hoffman and Elwins composition is the lack of evidence supporting a link between the two. The hypothesis states no relationship exists between effrontery in decision making and hypercritical thinking for graduate nurses. The ingest population comprise d 83 graduates from 11 universities across metropolitan and regional NSW, Australia.Using correlation design over twelve months, responses from two groups were collected utilize the 80 point Watson & Glaser Critical thinking assessment tool (WGCTA), a trustfulness in decision making scale, 0-5 range, and demographic questionnaires. Data was collected and analysed using SPSS spreadsheet and informationbase respectively. Results demonstrate a weak negative correlation between critical thinking and decision making for new nursing graduates. As make headway for critical thinking increased a reduction in assured decision making was observed.Therefore graduates sack be grouped as those who think too critic wholey and those who think less critically. The first group of case-by-cases whitethorn reach accurate clinical conclusions but time taken may adversely affect patient outcomes. Conversely, a graduate who thinks less critically may be overconfident taking less time to lead cli nical variables, ultimately placing patients at risk. The hypothesis is therefore rejected. Recommendations ar make to embolden a future clinical environment supportive of practitioners who question decision making.Firstly, a need exists for postgraduate training opportunities which reinforce the domain findings. Secondly, research addressing the shortfalls of sampling design in this particular study should be conducted. Criteria Evaluation Author Credentials Bias loudness abstract of Hoffman Elwins news study publisher shows the authors are well positioned to research and report on the link between critical thinking and decision making in the nursing field. both(prenominal) parties posses their masters degree in nursing and are registered for practice with Hoffman keeping an additional Bsc.In addition to academic qualifications both parties are employed as nursing educators. Weakness Bias may exist in the authors findings. As both Hoffman and Elwin are nursing professio nals and educators the papers scope objectivity can be questioned. Recommendations for future training and research may be seen as self-serving. The inclusion of a third party professional from extraneous the nursing field may provide a complimentary perspective. Accuracy and concord of Data Strength Data has been gathered using recognised reporting tools that are based on established criterion.The subroutine of these tools may encourage future researchers to employ the same methods to promote accuracy and consonance when equivalence existing data with that collected during future research. Weakness The accuracy and dead body of data within the research paper can be questioned. Variations in reported sample size exist in the report and pass on lead readers to doubt the validity of additional data. Data Collection/Analysis Strength The set of instruments used in data collection can be considered sound.The combination of graduate background information and recognised tools much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the WGCTA and Confidence in decision making scale allows for consistency in comparison with previous research findings. Correlations found in the data can therefore be considered significant. Weakness As the authors acknowledge the use of a convenience sample, the reader should conclude that study results are generalised and not representative of regional, state, or national populations.Increased sample size, constitute number of rural and metropolitan graduates, and more detail on individuals age, gender, and learnedness institution would increase data credibility. Graduate IQ or GPA may also play a component part in critical thinking and/or decision making and be included as an additional variable. Analysis Methods and Relevance of Data Strength The authors reference list cites 16 papers from confused countries around the world. This indicates that widespread and applicable investigation into the relationship between critical thinking and deci sion making in graduate nurses has been conducted. Methods of analysis such as he WCGTA and Confidence in Decision-making Scale employed in earlier research allows for comparison of findings. Weakness Despite the relevance of resources and suitableness of analysis tools, some may be considered out of date. Although studies cited in the literary works review are as recent as 2000, Watson Glasers critical thinking appraisal tool dates to 1980. In addition Rhodes work from 1985 gave rise to the Confidence in Decision-making Scale. The use of these tools in an environment as fighting(a) and ever changing as nursing could suggest lack of research on behalf of the authors, or a desire to reach preferred conclusions. exemplification Size Strength The small sample size of 83 graduates participating in the twelve month study allows for close communication between researcher and subject. This may result in improved data lineament highlighting local trends and issues specific to the reg ion. It should also be noted that participants contributed to the study over the twelve month period as there is no mention of withdrawal. Weakness The use of a convenience sample comprising such small numbers cannot be considered representative of target populations at regional, state, or national levels.An increase in the number of participants to represent a greater proportion of the local graduate population would improve both fair play and usability of study findings. Criteria Evaluative comments 1. What difficulties did you encounter completing this task? Initial information of the paper was difficult and time consuming but central to the task. When evaluating the paper many of my selected criteria specifically sample size, data collection, and data analysis contained elements which overlapped. This do it difficult to stay on track. 2.What did you find challenging, but interesting close to this task? Separating the content from the exercise itself. Im really not intere sted in details relating to the nursing profession but proficient summarising and critical thinking/evaluation are academic fundamentals. 3. Why would TPP ci have set this type of a task? What are the learning outcomes of this task? (See your course outline). To establish academic skills that can be make on. Skills developed here will assist in completing line 2. Learning outcomes for participants are to understand, think, learn, communicate, and value. 4. How will you be able to use the skills create in this task in your future studies? These skills will be employ not only to Task 2, but to most if not all future assessment pieces. Active critical thinking/assessment outside of university is also of value. 5. Define three new words that were new to you in this journal article. 1. Meta-Cognitive awareness and understanding of ones own theme processes. 2. Negative Correlation as the set for one variable inrease, the values of the second variable decreases. 3.?

Feasibility Study of Ibs in Sarawak

Feasibility Study of IBS in Sarawak Afdal Haziq bin Mohamad Salehe De take offment of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak precis This is a feasibility study of industrialised Building placement (IBS) in Sarawak. IBS slaying in Sarawak is still slow and thus this study is carried on to severalize the factors that cause the problem so that proper solution lav be carried on.The produce of the study is to increase the IBS executing in Sarawak so that productivity and timbre of the manifestation flips in this state can be improved. In mark to bring home the bacon the aim, three objectives need to be met which be 1) To understand the concept of industrialised Building System (IBS) 2) To identify the ch totallyenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak 3) To find the solutions to conquer the barriers thus, ensure that IBS implementation in Sarawak can be improved.Collection of information is through by distribution of questionnaires to grand constructions players much(prenominal) as engineers, consultants, supervisors and architects from construction aims within Kota Samarahan and Kuching City. The results determined the critical factors of challenges as well(p) as finding the solutions to improve the IBS implementation based on the level of agreements of the respondents. As a result, this study has determined the critical factor of barrier and challenges which slow down the IBS progress in Sarawak is the awareness factor oddly amongst the contractors.Besides, the study also found the solutions in term of awareness, friendship, toll, acceptance and berth of the regimen in graze to improve the IBS progress in the construction industry in Sarawak. The finding of this study hopefully impart be helpful for further future research as well as reference for the authority in order to improve the IBS implementation in Sarawak. Keywords Industrialised Building System INTRODUCTION Construction industries play important roles in the development of buildings as well as economical of a country.According to the report by CIDB (2000), it is highlighted that construction sector are more than that economic where as the products of construction whether directly or indirectly done provision of bigger infrastructure and buildings has contributed largely towards the production of wealth as well as increase quality of life of the citizen 1. With the increasing knowledge and experiences of construction technology, now, many construction can be done prompt with reduce cost, but still with optimized quality.One of the construction technologies that have been developing in many countries is precast concrete or as known as Industrial Building System (IBS). IBS is basically pre-cast concrete components where it is later on installed together to become a building or structure. It also may be defined as construction which system components are make in a factory, on or off site, position ed and assembled into structures with minimal supererogatory site ready. The construction concrete components pass on be produce off-site and then will be transported to the construction site and assemble 2.In Malaysia, IBS has been introduced in early 1964 by Ministry of Local Government and Housing. The Ministry aims to provide low cost houses for low income citizens group. Since then, housing programmes for low income citizens is being carried on and by 1966, the Ministry has launched twain pilot project in two major cities which are Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur and Rifle Range Road Flats in Penang. However, Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur has been demolished to be replaced by forward-looking development 3.With the latest 9th Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, as government are aware of the benefits that come from the application of IBS, many encouragement of IBS engagement have been conduct. Two of the latest major initiatives are the release of the treasury street arab Lette r No. 7 Year 2008 and the announcement of the action mechanism Plan for IBS Implementation in Government Projects (Pelan Tindakan Pelaksanaan IBS dalam Projek-Projek Kerajaan)4. It replaces the earlier precept released on 6th July 2005 by Treasury for the usage of 50 part IBS sate in all government projects.Released on 31st October 2008, the Treasury Circular Letter was issued to all Secretary Generals, Heads of Federal Department, State Secretaries, Heads of Federal statutory Bodies as well as to all local authorities. The essence of the instruction is the usage of Open Building, Malaysian Control invention and 70 percent IBS Score for all projects. Agencies are required to submit periodical reports of IBS project implementation to the central monitoring agency. Exemptions are offered for certain classes of projects and the IBS Centre will function as the important technical reference centre.Sarawak, which is one of the fasting developing states in Malaysia, constructions are happening all over the move of the state. However, applications of IBS in the construction industries in Sarawak are still far left wing behind. Sarawak just implemented IBS after a few decades after the gate of IBS in Malaysia in 1964, as several projects using IBS was started in 2006 in Kuching areas 5. Therefore, this study was performed in order to increase the IBS implementation in Sarawak so that productivity and quality of the constructions projects in this state can be improve.The aim of this research is to improve the IBS implementation in Sarawak so that productivity and quality of the constructions projects in this state can be optimized. In order to achieve this aim, several objectives must be met which are i. To understand the concept of Industrialised Building System (IBS) ii. To identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. iii. To find the solutions to overcome the barriers to ensure that IBS implementation in Sarawak can be improved. 2. research m ethodologySecondary entropy will be needed in literature brushup part which aims to achieve the first objective which is to increase the understanding of the IBS concept. Primary data will be a strong evidence to achieve the endorse objectives which is identification of challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. This will also help in achieving the third objective which is finding the solution to overcome the barriers in improving the implementation of IBS in Sarawak. Three approaches have been lineout for this study to adjoin the germane(predicate) data. The approaches are i. Literature review i. Questionnaires Literature Review Literature review in this study is important in term of gathering the alternative data. This is to increase the resourceful information needed for this study for better understanding. The informations is collect from wide range of media such as books, guidelines, previous thesis, journals, and new articles relate to Industrialise Building Syst em (IBS) and company related to them in Sarawak or Malaysia such as SCIB and CIDB. This also helped in achieving the first objectives which aim of increasing the understanding of IBS concept.Questionnaires List if question has been prepared for the purpose of collecting primary coil data. Questionnaire can be an efficient data collection tool when the detective knows exactly on the information that is needed and how o measure the variables of interest. Thus, all questions should be clear, understandable and obtain no ambiguity. Data validation has been done after the questionnaires had been collected. In the process of data validation, the responses obtained from the questionnaires have been for accuracy and suitability for his research purpose.Respondents for the questionnaire in this research are site workers, site engineers, site supervisors, foremen, management staff and production manager of several sites in Sarawak. The questionnaire has been disposed(p) by hand to the respo ndents for determining the barrier and challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. This is to gather information and evidence which is not available from literature review. In order to achieve the second objectives, Part B of the questionnaires which is on the challenges and barrier of IBS implementation has been make full by respondent who involved in construction field.In order to achieve the third objective which is to find the solutions in improving IBS implementation in Sarawak, Part C is provided which discussed on the suggestion and solutions criteria which have been filled by the respondent based on their level of agreement. The questionnaires have been presumption to various experience construction player such as developer contractors, consultant and supplier in Sarawak. This is to obtain their pc involve has been based on their experience in construction industry. Data Analysis Method The data collected from the questionnaires will be analyzed by using Likert leveli ng method. 3. esult and discussion Objective (i) To understand the concept of Industrialised Building System (IBS) The first objective was achieved by finding and explaining wide informations about IBS and been discussed in Chapter 2, Literature Review. Many resources from internets, journals, project papers as well as newspaper is used in gaining information on IBS. In Chapter 2, jump from definition of IBS, discussion on the history as well as the general knowledge on IBS is discussed. Then, some discussion on current construction method in Malaysian construction industry is carried on to compare the IBS methods with the conventional method.In addition, more detailed information on IBS is provided such as, IBS in Malaysia and Sarawak which elaborated on the progress of IBS implementation in Malaysia as well as Sarawak, and also the need of IBS which discussed on the reasons why should IBS be implemented. Apart from that, knowledge on feature of IBS, types of IBS, the sequence of construction for IBS method, advantages of IBS, and challenges of IBS implementation in Malaysia also been provided in Chapter 2 which is at page 12 until 38. All of this information aims to increase the knowledge and understanding the concept of Industrial Building System (IBS) to a higher level.The knowledge of IBS need to be improves especially amongst the construction players as well as citizens in Sarawak so that IBS implementation in this state can be increase. Objective (ii) To identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak As discussed before, Part B of the questionnaires distribution judging is conducted as to achieve the second objective which is to identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. These factors are the factor that is discussed in Chapter 2 on challenges of IBS implementation in Malaysia 2. Another factor has been add on is common Building list (GBI).IBS is more towards GBI as wastage on site is reduced and pollutions due to wor k and progress done on site can be prevented. Green Building great power(GBI) was the world first tropical green tool design and developed by Persatuan Arkitk Malaysia (PAM) and Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM). Implementing Green Building Index will need more knowledge and experience since it is also a new tool in the construction industry. There are five main factors provided in the Part B section for construction players to rank fit to their agreement on challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak, which are i.Awareness ii. Knowledge iii. personify iv. Acceptance v. Green Building Index (GBI) Summary of boilersuit main challenges of IBS implementation in Sarawak Table 1 Scale Index of overall challenges factor by construction players Scale Level of agreement Index 1 Strongly Disagree 3. 31? Min index

Cosmic Race Essay

The bound cosmic Race is also known as La raza cosmica which was establish on the opinions of some Mexican Scholars in the 1920s who held that since the Latin Americans held the bank line of all the races, the transcended the races of the Old World. This term basically embodies the idea that traditional, scoopful concepts of race and nationality can be transcended in the name of humanitys common destiny (MacLachlan, 1980). While the idea of the origins or creation of the Cosmic Race has been attributed to other races, there is no denying that it was the Spaniards who played a major role in this.The open-mindedness, in this case the open philosophy and office of Spain regarding culture and society, was influential in creating this cosmic race. Spain realized that the key to macrocosm able to build a vital and flourishing economy in the colony was to build a common denominator for acculturation by twain Indian and European races (MacLachlan, 1980). Spain was able to accomplish th is by establishing and expanding the colonial semipolitical and ecclesiastical institutions, the economy, society, and the role of women in the Mexica Society.Further proof of this was the policies of Spain regarding women as they support the women to participate in economics and politics by providing the women during that time with big legal rights (MacLachlan, 1980). These factors and the methods by which Spain cultivated the Mexica Empire are brought on by the characteristic of Spain as being open-minded, which in turn conduct to the creation of the Cosmic Race. ReferencesMacLachlan, C. and Rodriguez, J. (1980) The Forging of the Cosmic Race A Reinterpretation of colonial Mexico. University of California Press,

Madeleine Leininger: Bridging the Cultural Divide Essay

AbstractThis paper leave behind go offline Madeleine Leiningers prominent opening, its origins, and its mathematical function. The objurgate of transethnical treat, its distinctive language, ethno business for investigate method, and Sunrise Enabler gumshoe will also be explored. These components equipped nurses to yield long-sufferings with single(a)ized, appropriate oversee this led to improved wellness outcomes. Finally, the effect of Madeleine Leiningers contributions to nursing will be examined. Her idea of appropriate shell out was the catalyst for a ingroup of federal legislation making culture a requisite, legal friendship and convinced society of the benefits of pagan diversity. Madeleine Leininger Bridging the Cultural Divide through bring off The hall speciate of a true profession is the ability to demonstrate its ludicrous body of knowledge (Mensik, Martin, Scott, & Horton, 2011).Madeleine Leiningers transethnical nursing discipline and its subvert er companion speculation meets this threshold. Counted as the most signifi nookyt breakthrough in nursingin the 20th century, she forever variegated how nurses thought and spoke intimately health upkeep (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). This paper will present a high-level overview of Madeleine Leiningers contributions to nursing and their influence, as comfortably as reveal the authors connection to the theorist.Cultural forethought Diversity and Universality The speculationThe conjecture of refinement trouble Diversity and Universality (hereinafter nicety Care Theory), Madeleine Leiningers seminal work, was conceptualized in the mid-1950s and desire to describe, explain, and predict nursing similarities and differences in relation to care and its role in human culture (Leininger, 2001). To provide significant and effective care, the theorist reasonsed, a nurse had to know what non-homogeneous cultures valued about wellness, health, illness, etc. and affair this understanding to call for their nursing tasks (Clarke, McFarland, Andrews & Leininger, 2009).Inspiration for the TheoryThe theory grew out of the theorists observations during her land tenure as a staff nurse in the mid-1940s (Leininger, 2001). Numerous patients show the nursing care given and remarked how instrumental it was to their recovery from illness (Leininger, 2001, pp. 8, 13). This struck Leininger as curious, since the activities traditionally associated with providing care were just judgeed at this rate in the development of nursing (Leininger, 2001). The concept of care was certainly neer taught, critically explored, or given much credence (Leininger, 2001). Based on the encouraging patient feedback received, care became an integral component of the theorists nursing usage (Leininger, 2001). Her patients health flourished (Leininger, 2001). Leininger deduced that outstanding caregiving alone was non plentiful to facilitate positive health outcomes while working on an insipi d psychiatric ward in the mid-1950s (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).Her clinical floor was a mini-United Nations, with patients from a variety of ethnic backgrounds (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The children sufficeed differently to her care efforts and, after a flow of time, she realized their demeanour followed distinct ethnical patterns (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). For example, the Russian, Lithuanian, German, and Slovenian children would never harbour to be in pain, though they had very obvious injuries or signs of irritation (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The Jewish and Italian children, in contrast, always cried fervently, at even the slightest spur prick, without solace (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Her customary pain interventions were useless and obviously needed to be changed, but she was not sure how (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).Conceptualizing the Theory.The theorist experienced culture shock (a concept she introduced into common vernacular) and was concerned at being ill-equipped to respond to her patients specific needs even though she had obtained her masters in nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). There was no search literature available to armed service make sense of the incidents witnessed, and her colleagues were of limited help (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). After discussing her concerns with the renowned cultural anthropologist and provocateur Margaret Mead, Leininger obtained a Ph.D. in anthropology (Clarke, et al., 2009) she was the first nurse to do so (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).The theorist answered field studies in non-Western cultures for some(prenominal) years afterwards to perfect her new skill-set (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Having remedied hercultural ignorance, Leininger formalized the Culture Care Theory, establishing the new discipline of transcultural nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Her goal was to provide knowledgeable care in an increasingly multicultural human beings (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).Purpose of the TheoryThe theorys main purpose was to discover and explain diverse and universal culturally found care factors influencing the health, well-being, illness, or death of individuals or groups (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). It stressed the use of research findings to provide culturally congruous, safe, and meaningful care to those of diverse or similar backgrounds (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). Theory Application Tools. The theorist did not want to embroil platitudes she wanted her discipline to empower nurses and promote their autonomy (Leininger, 2002). To this end, she outlined thirteen assumptive beliefs to explain the focus of the theory and guide nurses in their behave (Leininger, 2001). several(prenominal) key beliefs are outlined below 1. Care is the totality of nursing and a unifying focus2. Care (caring) is essential for well being, health, healing, growthor death 3. Culture care is the broadest holistic operator to know, explain, interpret, and predict nur sing care to guide nursing care practices 4. breast feeding is a transculturalcare discipline and profession with the central purpose to serve human beings worldwide 5. Care (caring) is essential for there can be no curing without caring (Leininger, 2001, pp. 44-45). These assumptions formed the crux of transcultural nursing and what it was intended to do. Leininger also designed three theoretical modalities to guide culturally-based nursing decisions and actions (Leininger, 2001). The first modality, cultural care preservation and/or maintenance, referred to generic/folk behaviors and practices that encouraged wellness and did not need to be changed when supply nursing care (Leininger, 2001, p. 41 Literature review, n.d.).The next modality, cultural care accomodation and/or negotiation, involved nursing care activities which help patients of diverse cultures adapt or negotiate professional care activities (Leininger, 2001, p. 41). It encouraged the nurse to integrate generic/fo lk behaviors and practices when planning care to encourage healthy outcomes (Leininger,2001). low this modality, for example, a nurse would allow a patient to hang a healing amulet above their bed in the hospital because they believed in it and it calmed them (Literature review, n.d.). The final modality that nurses could utlize was culture care repatterning and restructuring (Leininger, 2001, pp. 41-42).This modality involved activities which supporter with the extensive modification, change, or repattering of a patients unhealthy behavior while remaining aligned with their cultural values and beliefs (Literature review, n.d.). This was the most stressful of all the modalities to employ because the nurse must know a keen deal about the patients culture to pass water an optimum outcome (Leininger, 2001). As with any plan of care, the nurse had to discuss their choices with the patient and obtain their agreement (Leininger, 2001).Metaparadigms of the TheorySince the introductio n of Florence Nightengales Environmental Theory, nursing frameworks had traditionally focused on four metaparadigms person, environment, health, and nursing (Dayer-Berenson, 2011). However, the Culture Care Theory broke with convention and selected care and culture as its nameational concepts (Leininger, 2001). Leininger found the standard four metaparadigms limited in scope and unsuitable for use in new discipline (Leininger, 2001). For instance, the theorist could not believe nursings pundits still respondd to acknowledge the indispensible role of care, though they had obviously witnessed its prospered impact on health (Leininger, 2001). She also considered the current trend of trying to explain nursing phenomenon with more nursing phenomenon a logical false belief akin to answering a question with another question (Leininger, 2001).Further, Leininger pointed out that the Western concept of person would be problematic in transcultural nursing because more cultures focused on t he family or an institution, rather than the individual (Leininger, 2001). While Leininger thought environment was important, she opted not to use it as a pillar of her theory because it was not unique to nursing or incitive enough to garner scarce research funding (Leininger, 2001). She discounted the use of health for a similar rationale, citing its commonness and the plethora of existing research (Leininger, 2001). Leininger apsired to enlighten, not emulate (Leininger, 2001).Key definitionsOther nursing theorists and researchers move to shoe motor horn themselves into existing medical models as a means of gaining legitimacy, prestige, and funding (Fawcett, 2002). Leininger, conversely, sought to distinguish her theory from the disease-focused philosophies of the period by not seeking stimulant drug from other disciplines it functioned independently (Leininger, 2001). Always seeking to demonstrate the skill and agreement of nurses, Leininger authored a series of definitions to provide clinicians with their own distinct language and, thus, stay off the incongruous use of medical terminology when practicing transcultural nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Several of the theorys key explanations are highlighted below 1. Culture Care refers toculturallyassistive, supportive, and facilitative caring acts2. Culture Care Diversity refers to culturaldifferences in care beliefs, meanings, patterns, values, symbols, and lifewaysbetween cultures and human beings 3. transcultural breast feeding refers to a formal area of humanistic and scientific knowledge and practices focused on holistic culture carephenomena..to assist in culturally congruentways 4. Culturally Competent Nursing Care refers toculturally based care and health knowledge in sensitive, creative, and meaningful ways for skillful health and well-being (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, pp. 83-84). Cultural diversity and culturally competent care, terms so common today, were penned by the theorist o ver 50 years ago (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, p. xvii).Influence of the Culture Care TheoryLeiningers theory generated little interest when it was introduced in the 1950s (Leininger, 2002). Nurses practices had begun to shift to take more administration of medication and assistance with complex medical treatments (Leininger, 2001). Additionally, they tried to emulate physicians by wearing stethoscopes, focusing on curative measures, and being very precise in their tasks (Leininger, 2001). Nurses, during this era, were medicines faithful hit man givers (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, p. 76). Needless to say, this mindset was nurtured by physicians, who wanted nurses to remain on the bang of healthcare, subservient to them (Fawcett, 2002).Nurses, in Leiningers opinion, willingly relinquished their power and bony their professional value by becoming so immersed in physicians procedures (Leininger, 2001). With nurses so intent on obtainingmedical validation, it was no surprise they f ound the Culture Care Theory soft, fuzzy, and too feminine (Fawcett, 2002, p. 133 Leininger, 2002, p. 75). The theorist jokingly recalled thinking, Nurses have no time to learn about care and cultures, as they must keep to medical tasks (Fawcett, 2002, p. 113). Patient care was not a precession (Fawcett, 2002).Making the Theory RelevantUndeterred by the initial long pepper reception, Leininger patch upd to make the discipline more relevant to nurses (Leininger, 2001). She knew the situation would change gradually over time and utilized the lull to increase the offspring of transcultural nurses in practice and cultivated the harvest of more cultural data for use in the field (Fawcett, 2002). transcultural Programs of Study. She true and taught courses in transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2001). Building upon this momentum, the theorist then naturalized several degree programs of study in transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2001). She steered nurses toward graduate-level courses i n anthropology as well, and served as their advisor when several of them continued on to doctoral studies (Leininger, 2001 Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Soon, she had amassed a hardy band of transcultural devotees to assist in her tireless announcement and support of the discipline (Leininger, 2001).Ethnonursing Research Method. As her followers began to utilze the theory, Leininger was compelled to develop a natural, inducive, and open research method to help tease out complex, covert, involved cultural data (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, pp. 85, 89). It was called the ethnonursing research method (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). At the time, clinicians utilized research tools and methods borrowed haphazardly from other fields (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Enablers. The theorist worried that valuable cultural knowledge was lost, concealed, or rendered useless from the improper use of quantitative instruments to perform qualitative research (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). In response , Leininger invented five tools she called enablers to facilitate the mining of cultural data (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Each enabler was designed to collect a different fount of qualitative information (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The most popular enabler, The Sunrise Enabler to Discover Culture Care, was a conceptual model of the entire theory (Appendix A).Its purpose was toconsistently guide nurses through seven areas of influence to find relevant cultural knowledge and provide a holistic view during the health judgement process (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Qualitative Criteria. To further support accurate interpretations and credible research findings, Leininger identified six criteria by which qualitative studies, like those performed with her ethnonursing method, could be evaluated (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The criteria credibility, confirmability, meaning-in-context, repeated patterning, saturation, and transferability received the endorsement of research exper ts, which led to qualitative datas acceptance as valid scientific evidence. (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, p. 88) Dedicated Resources. Leininger also established the Transcultural Nursing Society in 1974 as a gathering for intelligent discussion among nurses in the discipline, as well as to advocate the dissemination of transcultural information (Clarke, et al.). Finally, Leininger launched the diary of Transcultural Nursing in 1988 to serve as a dedicated publishing source for transcultural nursing research, ensuring the entire nursing profession also had access to her protegs useful findings (Clarke, et al.).Rise of the TheoryAfter existing in go about obscurity for several decades, the Culture Care Theory was thrust into the smear in the mid-1980s (Murphy, 2006). Several factors prompted its emergence from the shadows. First, just as Leininger predicted back in 1950, geographic borders shrank and the U.S. became the adopted country of choice for immigrants from all over the w orld (Leininger, 2002). The healthcare system became innudated with people clinicians did not understand and could not effectively assist (DeRosa & Kochurka, 2006). Desparate to address patients needs in a culturally humble manner, they discovered Leiningers blueprint for congruent care (DeRosa & Kochurka, 2006).The federal mandates of the mid-nineties further catapulted the Culture Care Theory into prominence (Murphy, 2006). The directives were designed to resolve disparities in healthcare and ensure equitable treatment for those from diverse backgrounds (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). This meant that pedantic programs, clinical settings, and healthcare agencies now had to promote, incorporate, and enforce Leiningers ideas of cultural competency (Murphy, 2006).Impact of the Theory on the AuthorThe Culture Care Theory, developed organically from one womans insightful observations, has left an indellible mark on not only nurisng, but education, medicine, law, social science, religion, and so forth (Leininger, 2002). It would be far easier to name the areas of society that the theory has not impacted, for that would be a much shorter list. Amazingly, the author also owes Madeleine Leininger a tremendous nub of personal gratitude. While conducting research, the author was stunned to learn that Leiningers theory was the motivation for her academic scholarship. The theorists emphasis on congruent care and its positive influence led to the Health Resources and Services governing bodys (HRSA) campaign to significantly increase the number of culturally competent healthcare professionals in critical shortage areas. The NURSE Corps intuition Program, which offers a full tuition grant, monthly stipend, and full-time employment to intellectually outstanding nursing students, was founded to accomplish this objective.Because of the theorists tenacity and zeal, this rising clinicians ambition to serve the underrepresented was made a debt-free reality. Leininger passed away in August of last year (Ray, 2012). Ironically, the author was awarded her scholarship during this same month. Janet Jones wrote in Leiningers obituary guest book entry, She truly was a imaginative and her work will continue to be of great significance to many more generations of nurses (Madeleine M. Leininger, Ph.D., 2012). The author could not agree more with this statement and, in tribute, intends to contribute to Leiningers legacy of nursing excellence by maintaining a culturally-informed practice, performing research that offers innovative knowledge to the profession, obtaining an advanced degree, and serving as a staunch advocate for the marginalized. Similar to the theorist, the author also pledges to refuse to accept limitations as to what a nurse can accomplish. The author believes Madeleine Leininger would expect no less.ReferencesClarke, P., McFarland, M., Andrews, M., & Leininger, M. (2009). Caring some reflections on the impact of the culture care theory by McFarland & A ndrews and a conversation with Leininger. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(3), 233-239. inside10.1177/0894318409337020 Dayer-Berenson, L. (2011). Culturalcompetencies for nurses Impact on health and illness (pp. 9-39). Sudbury, Mass Jones and bartlett Publishers. DeRosa, N., & Kochurka, K. (2006). Implement culturally competent healthcare in your workplace. Nursing Management, 37(10), 18-18, 20, 22 passim. Fawcett, J. (2002). Scholarly dialogue. The nurse theorists 21st-century updates Madeleine M. Leininger. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(2), 131-136. Jeffreys, M. R. (2010). Teaching cultural competence in nursing and health care inquiry, action, and innovation (2nd ed.). (pp. 9-10). New York springer make Company. Leininger, M. M. (Ed.). (2001). Culture care diversity and universality A theory of nursing. Boston Jones and bartlett pear Publishers. Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. (2002). Transcultural nursing in the new millenary Concepts, theories, research & practice (3rd ed.). New York McGraw-Hill. Leininger, M. (2002). Culture care theory a major contribution to advance transcultural nursing and practices. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 189-192. Literature review. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1555/02chapter2.pdf Madeleine M.Leininger, Ph.D. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.heafeyheafey.com/newobituary/display.asp?id=7022 McFarland, M., & Eipperle, M. (2008). Culture care theory a proposed practice theory guide for nurse practitioners in primary care settings. coetaneous Nurse A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 28(1-2), 48-63. doi10.5172/conu.673.28.1-2.48 Maier-Lorentz, M. (2008). Transcultural nursing its importance in nursing practice. Journal Of Cultural Diversity,15(1), 37-43. Mensik, J. S., Martin, D., Scott, K. A., & Horton, K. (2011). outgrowth of a Professional Nursing Framework The Journey Toward Nursing Excellence. Journal Of Nursing Administration, 41(6), 259-264. doi10.1097/NNA.0b0 13e31821c460a Murphy, S. (2006). Mapping the literature of transcultural nursing. Journal of the medical examination Library Association JMLA, 94(2 Suppl), E143-51. Ray, M. A. (2013). Madeleine M. Leininger, 19252012. Qualitative Health Research, 23(1), 142-144. doi10.1177/1049732312464578 Sagar, P. (2011). Transcultural nursing theory and models application in nursing education, practice, and administration. New York Springer Publishing Company. Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L. W. (2011). Understanding the work of nurse theorists a creative beginning (2nd ed.). (pp. 93-98). Sudbury, Mass. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Transcultural Nursing Society. (n.d.). Theories and models. Retrieved from http//tcns.org/Theories.htmlAppendix AFigure. Adapted from Transcultural Nursing Society. (2013). Theories and models. http//tcns.org/Theories.html. Reprinted with permission.