Importance of Setting in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Importance of Setting in Jane EyreJane Eyre is a novel, written in the Victorian era by the writer Charlotte Bronte. Bronte uses different background signal in order to show what the characters are feeling. The panorama is often a reflection of human emotion. The setting also foreshadows certain events that are going to occur. A use of setting to portray a characters emotion is essential to a novel. It gives the reader more of a feel for what is going on. An example of this is when Rochester proposes to Jane. Jane is dazzled and sore about the idea. The setting echoes her excitement. A waft of wind came sweeping down the laurel-walk and trembled through the boughs of the chestnut... Another instance is when Jane is walking through the Eden-like garden on a splendid Midsummer, skies so pure, suns so radiant.... The perfection of the day reflects Janes return to Thornfield where she feels acceptance, contentment, and love. The setting can also show the gloom and despair of the characters emotion. Jane is looking for a impersonate to stay, is refused and made to stay outside in the weather. She weeps with anguish, feels despair, and rejection. The setting echoes her in that it is such a wild nighttime. There is a driving rain and it is cold. The setting can be a reflection of just about any human emotion. The setting plays a big part in the novel when the author uses foreshadowing. After Rochester proposes to Jane, the weather turns and the horse-chestnut tree, is split in half. ...the great horse-chestnut at the bottom of the orchard had been struck by lightning in the night, and half of it split away. This displays the coming of catastrophe and the separation of Jane and Rochester. Another instance is on the eve of their wedding day. The setting is a cloudy windy night with a red moon, her disk was blood-red, and half-overcast... This night prefigures whats going to happen the following day Janes going to find out the truth about Rochester. Rocheste rs description of how he sees Thornfield, that house is a mere dungeon... fill up with slime... cobwebs... sordid slate...

George Washington: Flaws and All Essay -- Informative Essay

There are many individuals in American History, whom we as Americans regard for their courage and audacity in geological formation our nation. We learn in our history classes the great accomplishments of our founding fathers such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Ben Franklin. One other great founding father and our kickoff President, George Washington was one whom we learned much almost. We learn in school that he is as a prime example of leadership, citizenship, and overall individual attainment for his many contributions to our nations earliest struggles. But although we are taught that George Washington was this man of great disposition, no man is without his dishonors. Many scholars have sought to get through individuals to these cracks in the Nations perspective of our first president. The following composition will give an analysis of literature that shows George Washington was in consistent regarding his views on slavery. Although Washington is well-known for his many political accomplishments little is spoken about his views regarding slavery. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732. Despite losing his father at a juvenile age, 11, Lawrence his half-brother, 14 years older, quickly took over as a surrogate father figure to all of his younger siblings. Washingtons mother, Mary, became very defend after the death of her husband (Georges father), Augustine. She kept George from enlisting in the British Navy contrary to the wishes of older brother, Lawrence. George lived with his older brother from the time he was about 15 and attended school in Virginia and never went to college. He was very good at mathematics which was quite suitable to his later occupation as a surveyor. In 1752, Lawrence also passed away his c... ...ntributions that they have made to our society. But it may be that we are disillusioned by what we are taught as children that we take over these people dont have any faults. Maybe knowing these great men ha d faults helps to see them as more human. Minus the character flaw George Washington was still one of the framers of American society.Works Cited1.Bordewich, Fergus M. Washington The Making of the American Capital. HarperCollins Publisher, 2008.2.Colbert, David. Eyewitness to America 500 Years of America in the linguistic process of Those Who Saw It Happen. New York. Pantheon Books, 1997.3.Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency George Washington. New York. Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.4.McCullough, David. 1776. New York. Simon & Schuster, 2005.5.Stevenson, Jay PhD and Budman, Matthew. The Complete Idiots Guide to American Heroes. New York. Alpha Books, 1999.

Sylvia Plath Essay -- Sylvia Plath Biography Biographies Essays

Sylvia Plath was a gifted writer, poet and verbal artist whose personal anguish and torment visibly manifested itself in her work. Much of her angst stems from her falsify relationship with her father. Other factors that influenced her works were her strained views of human sexuality, her sado-masochistic tendencies, self-hatred and her traditional upbringing. She was labeled as a confessional poet and biographical and historical material is absolutely essential to understand her work.Syliva Plath was born on 27, 1963, in Boston, Massachusetts to Otto Emil Plath and Aurelia Schober. Otto Plath was a professor of biology and German at Boston University. He was of German descent and had emigrated from Grabow when he was fifteen. Her mother was a first generation American she was born in Boston to Austrian parents. Their common Germanic background indirectly led to their meet in 1929. Aurelia Schober took a German class taught by Otto Plath. Aurelia was working on a masters degree in English and German at Bosto n University. Otto Plath was guided by his principles of discipline. Their background was one major source of for Sylvias poetic imagery. Sylvias brother, Warren, was born on April 27, 1935. After Warrens birth, the family moved to Winthrop, Massachusetts just east of Boston. Ottos health began to fail shortly after Warrens birth. He thought he had crabmeat as a friend of his, with similar symptoms, had recently lost a battle with lung cancer. He refused to seek medical care due to the lack of a cure or effective treatment at that time. In 1940 after suffering ill health for years, Otto was forced to see a doctor for an transmittal in his foot. The doctor diagnosed the illness Otto has been suffering from as not cancer, but diabetes- -and not do advanced that it threatened his life. Ottos leg had to be distant in October after he developed gangrene, and he spent the rest of his days in the hospital rapidly declining. (Nuerotic Poets) Otto Plath died on the night of November 5, 1940. Her fatherss end scarred her permanently theirs was an extraordinarily close relationship. In 1942, Aurelia moved the family to Wellesley so that she could return to work despite her own health problems to support her family.Sylvia began writing when she was unaccompanied five years old. Her first publication was a short couplet she wrote when she was eigh... ...hould be able to control and manipulate experiences even the most terrifying, like madness, creation tortured, this sort of experience, and one should be able to manipulate these experiences with an informed and intelligent mind. (Uroff 37)Plaths work is valuable for its ability to reach todays reader, because of its concern with the real problems of our culture. In this age of gender conflicts, broken families, and economic inequities, Plaths forthright language speaks loudly about the anger of being some(prenominal) betrayed and powerless. She was hailed as literary symbol of the womens rights movement and a feminist writer of great significance. Sylvia Plath began by creating art that imitated life, but ended when life imitated art. plant life CitedButscher, Edward, ed. with and introduction. Sylvia Plath the woman and the work. New York Dodd, Mead, 1977.Plath, Sylvia. The Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Ted Hughes and Frances McCullough. New York Ballantine Books, 1982.Sylvia Plath. Ed. Brenda C Mondragon. n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. http//www.neuroticpoets.com/plath/Uroff, Margaret Dickie. Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1979.

Wind Power as an Alternative Energy Source Essay -- Energy Power Globa

Wind Power as an Alternate Energy SourceGraphics not IncludedABSTRACTThe United States main source of button is currently fossil fuels. However, we knowthat fossil fuel supply continues to deplete and sooner or later, the United States will need to resort to a modernistic source of energy. This report hopes to explore the advantages anddisadvantages of spin power using model regions. These regions have experience inusing wind power, which may help us determine whether or not it is a suitable source ofenergy when fossil fuels be completely drained. From examining Denmark and otherplaces benefiting from this clean and unlimited source of wind power, we believe that theUnited States possesses enough wind, money, and other resources to use wind power as amain future source of energy.INTRODUCTIONWind is oxygenise with kinetic energy. It is formed at different positions on the Earthssurface. Warm air heated up by the sun expands and rises while cool air moves in to takeits place creat ing winds. Wind is a renewable energy, which is means that as long as thesun is still shining, wind will remain. The use of windmills to soft down the speed ofwind can generate electricity. The wind flowing through the blade causes lift which inturn, makes the blades rotate. These blades are attached to a subscribe to shaft, which isconnected to an electric generator that creates electricity. See figure 1.QuickTime? and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.Fig 1(Wind Energy-Energy from Moving Air, 2005)Scientists say that there are many possible sites for windmills and that 37 states arecapable of generating electricity through wind power (Wind Energy?Energy fromMoving Air, 2005). An average wi... ...nergyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.htmlWillis, dick (2002) Wind Power. WCS Science, retrieved August 1, 2005, fromhttp//www.wcsscience.com/windpower/page.htmlDeLespinasse, Paul F. (January 2004) How Many Windmills Would $87 BillionBuy? Common Dreams NewsC enter, retrieved August 1, 2005, fromhttp//www.commondreams.org/views04/0112-07(no author) (no date) Food, Land, Population, and the U.S. Economy. CARRYINGCAPACITY NETWORK, retrieved August 1, 2005, fromhttp//www.carryingcapacity.org/resources.html(no author) (June 2005) North Dakota Wind Energy Development. AmericanWind Energy Association, retrieved August 2, 2005, fromhttp//www.awea.org/projects/northdakota.htmlAkselsson, Mattias. (September 2004) The Worlds Leader in Wind Power.Scandinavica, retrieved August 2, 2005, fromhttp//www.scandinavica.com/culture/nature/wind.htm

FIGHT IN THE FIELDS: CESAR CHAVEZ :: essays research papers

Fight in the Fields Cesar ChavezIn Fight in the Fields Cesar Chavez, by Margo Sorenson, two teenagers were non paying attention in history class, and their teacher assigned them Saturday school, pulling weeds. Kenneth and Aleesa werent friends, they were caught passing a note to someone. After, they started to work on Saturday, they both drank from a blue water jug, that sent them back in time. To the year 1965, where Cesar Chavez was helping out the field workers get their own union. By displace on a strike against the Schenley Company, who grow grapes in Delano, California, and sold them around the world. While, the teenagers were in the past, they lived and worked with the Lopezs, Juan, Rosa, and their son Luis. Luis helped Kenneth and Aleesa understand what was happening during that time with the NFWA- National Farm Workers connective and the strike to get the workers a union of their own, and they all joined the NFWA. Which ended in the year 1970 and they were able to go ba ck to their time. Both Kenneth and Aleesa were able to mother the strike first hand, and when they went back home, they wished that they had paid a little bit more attention in class, and that they were going to from then on.Even though, this is a fictitious book, it tells a true story about the struggle of the farm worker to obtain a better life for themselves and their families. There are two master(prenominal) themes in this book, non-violence, and the fight for dignity. Cesar Chavez was a non-violent man who would do anything to not get in a fight while they where boycotting the growers. One, incident in the story was when a grower pulled out a gun, and he pointed it at the strikers, Chavez said, He has a harder decision to make, we are just standing here in peace The picketer were beat and put in jail before they would fight back and that is what why all farm workers look up to Cesar Chavez , along with his good friend Martin Luther queen Jr. Non-Violence is the only way to solve anything. The growers in that time did not care about their workers, if people were striking, the growers would go to Mexico and bring in Braceros, mean that they would not have to sign the union contract and not take union workers, who were willing to work if the grower would sign the contract.

FIGHT IN THE FIELDS: CESAR CHAVEZ :: essays research papers

Fight in the Fields Cesar ChavezIn Fight in the Fields Cesar Chavez, by Margo Sorenson, two teenagers were not give attention in hi tale class, and their teacher assigned them Saturday school, pulling weeds. Kenneth and Aleesa werent friends, they were caught passing a note to someone. After, they started to work on Saturday, they both drank from a unconsolable water jug, that sent them patronage in time. To the year 1965, where Cesar Chavez was helping out the field workers get their own compact. By putting on a castigate against the Schenley Company, who grow grapes in Delano, California, and sold them around the world. While, the teenagers were in the past, they lived and worked with the Lopezs, Juan, Rosa, and their son Luis. Luis helped Kenneth and Aleesa understand what was happening during that time with the NFWA- National Farm Workers Association and the strike to get the workers a union of their own, and they all joined the NFWA. Which ended in the year 1970 and they were able to go back to their time. Both Kenneth and Aleesa were able to experience the strike first hand, and when they went back home, they wished that they had paid a little bit more attention in class, and that they were going to from then on.Even though, this is a fictional book, it tells a true story about the struggle of the farm worker to obtain a better life for themselves and their families. There are two main themes in this book, non-violence, and the fight for dignity. Cesar Chavez was a non-violent man who would do anything to not get in a fight while they where boycotting the growers. One, incident in the story was when a grower pulled out a gun, and he pointed it at the strikers, Chavez said, He has a harder decision to make, we are just standing here in peace The picketer were beaten and put in shut up before they would fight back and that is what why all farm workers look up to Cesar Chavez , along with his good friend Martin Luther King Jr. Non-Violence is the onl y behavior to solve anything. The growers in that time did not care about their workers, if people were striking, the growers would go to Mexico and bring in Braceros, mean that they would not have to sign the union contract and not take union workers, who were willing to work if the grower would sign the contract.

Stewardship versus economic decision making in financial reporting

The chief range of financial describing harmonizing to the IASB s Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements model is that of supplying fair to middling information in order to enable stockholders conduct economic determination devising. This brought the argument of whether such nonsubjective neglected the importance of the stewardship appraisal by the dowry of stockholders. In the past decennary the IASB and the US FASB have been working on a joint down the stairstaking to develop a conceptual model for financial coverage. Such conceptual model has the purpose of supplying a base for developing harmonised, future method of accounting criterions. In 2008, the boards issued an painting bill of exchange of chapter maven and chapter two of the conceptual model with chapter one undertaking the gos of monetary coverage.In the exposure bill of exchange that has been newly issued by the two boards, it was identified that the aim of fiscal coverage should be that of cat ering for all the determinations that capital suppliers make, including both resource allotment determinations and determinations made to protect and heighten their investings. Further more than on the implicit in(predicate) in exposure bill of exchange there is stated that information about the stewardship of an entity s economic resources should be considered as decision-useful information. Hence in this exposure bill of exchange it is clear that the two boards shifted from concentrating entirely on economic determination devising, to general determination devising, with stewardship world included in such broader definition.Although this question to concentrate on determination utility instead than specifically on economic determination devising was a agency to subsume stewardship in the aim of fiscal coverage, writers such as Andrew Lennard still argue that stewardship and determination utility should be recognised as separate aims. astewardship contributes an of import dimens ion to fiscal coverage, which should be reflected by specific recognition in the aims of fiscal coverage. 1 The bulk of the writers who recognise stewardship as a cardinal aim in fiscal coverage, claim that fiscal statements should be prep atomic number 18d on the footing of historical costs. This ensures in supplying a clear, factual history of the minutess that occurred during the twelvemonth, over which direction had control. because describing on historical cost can help stockholders carry through their stewardship appraisal needs break down.On the other manus, to provide for determination utility, particularly in footings of economic determination devising, fiscal coverage would concentrate more on the prediction of future hard currency flows. Such nonsubjective would be better addressed with ratings found on market note judges, since they better reflect the timing and certainty of future hard currency flows. This is taking to the outgrowth of rating techniques ground on current quantifys, such as just value.The acceptance of just value accounting is possibly one of the most controversial issues presently being faced by the accounting universe. Both the IASB and the FASB have been working on this issue for the last twosome old ages. Traditionally, fiscal coverage has been entirely establish on historical costs. The usage of current values, such as just value describing emerged comparatively late, and was applied to merely few selected countries. One of the countries where just value had a major influence is in the measuring of fiscal instrument. Using market values to value Financial Instruments is deemed to be dependable ( since markets in these headings ar good developed ) and relevant ( because the values of fiscal instruments can see big fluctuations, therefore historical costs depicts a really hapless realise of current values ) . However, in the nearby hereafter, just value measuring is likely to be extended to other assets, particularly in the visible beam of the fact of the IASB s and FASB s sensed penchant for just value measuring even where the market is non good developed. The IASB believes that just value measuring under IFRS and GAAP is already consistent. Besides, the IASB and the FASB will go on to work together to guarantee that using just value in an inactive market is accounted for consistently 2 .Stockholders are divided into two chief classs, cloak-and-dagger persons and institutional investors. Although fiscal coverage is designed to provide for the demands of capital suppliers, due to the deficiency of cognition normally found within private single stockholders, concerns may originate on what such private single stockholders identify as utile, for their determination devising.Need for the critiqueThe thesis s aim is to place the current demands of private stockholders and what they identify as valuable information. The thesis shall so analyze to what extent the focal point on determination utilit y and the prediction of future hard currency flows through just value accounting shall help private stockholders in fulfilling their demands.Research methodologyThe thesis will be of a qualitative nature. The purpose of such thesis is to accomplish a deep apprehension of what local private stockholders value as relevant information, and to analyze whether the emerging construct of just value accounting will be supplying such users more relevant accounting information. The purpose of the survey is non to generalize findings but to obtain rich description on the implicit in subject.The method being taken into consideration to make the qualitative information is the puting up of focal point groups with stockholders. Such group treatments provide direct grounds about similarities and differences in participant s sentiments. Participants are non required to reply for every inquiry enabling them to construct on one another s response. Furthermore by moving as a moderator I can guarantee that the treatment is ever kept on path.Finally, focal point groups can be considered as a more slick solution when compared to open ended interviews with stockholders. The response rate of stockholders to a focal point group is likely to be greater when compared to a personal 1 on one interview, since the latter is perceived as more intrusive. The chief restriction of utilizing focal point groups is possibly the hazard that people influence distributively other s response. As a consequence the response of participants can be different than the response that would hold been generated from a private 1 on one interview.Stockholders from two local, listed companies are traveling to be considered as the population sample. These companies are Bank of Valletta and HSBC. The pick fell on these companies because due to the recent alterations to IAS 39 and IFRS 7, just value measuring had a considerable impact on the banking sector. Thereby, due to such fact stockholders can be even more concerned and affected with the underlying capable. Two focal point groups are planned to be set, one with BOV stockholders and one with HSBC stockholders, with groups runing from six to twelve members. Shareholder s list can be obtained from the Malta Financial Services Authority. The sampled population will except abroad stockholders, trusts and investing companies, therefore concentrating entirely on local private stockholders.Chapters OverviewIntroduction foremost the stewardship versus economic determination doing argument will be tackled, and its effects on rating on fiscal coverage will be analysed. The thesis shall so concentrate on the outgrowth of just value as a measuring tool and its prospective use. Furthermore just value will be compared and contrasted with cost based rating. The debut will besides include an scrutiny of how each rating method caters for the single private stockholders demands. books Reappraisal literature reappraisal can be focused on two facets bein g the argument of just value measuring versus cost based measuring, and the argument of whether private stockholders use accounting information largely for economic determination devising, or to measure stewardship.Research Methodology in this subdivision I shall depict how the consequences were achieved, explicating how the information was collected and analyzed. This subdivision shall incorporate the failings and restrictions of the research methods and methodological analysis used. In the methodological analysis I shall besides include both jobs that I anticipated and explicate any stairss taken to forestall them from happening.Findingss this portion of thesis will incorporate the information generated from the focal point groups. Consequences will be presented, interpreted and discussed in this subdivision.Decision this portion will supply reasoning penetrations on the research, and recommendations of other research inquiries that can be tackled to better the research on the co untry. The chief inquiries to be answered in this subdivision are what has been learnt from the consequences? How can this cognition be used? What are the defects of the research?BibliographyAccounting Standards Board. ( 2007 ) . STEWARDSHIP/ACCOUNTABILITY AS AN intent OF FINANCIAL REPORTING A remark on the IASB/FASB Conceptual manakin Project. joined ground Accounting Standards Board.Alan Bryman, E. B. ( 2007 ) . Business Research Methods 2 edition. United kingdom Oxford University Press.Doron Nissim, S. P. ( 2007 ) . ON THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING. Columbia Univesity.Lennard, A. ( 2008 ) . Stewardship and the aims of fiscal statements a remark on IASB s Preliminary Positions on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. United kingdom Accounting Standards Board.RONEN, J. ( 2008 ) . To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value A Broader Perspective. Accounting Foundation, Sydney.Schmidt, S. ( 2004 ) . Fair Value Accounting. United states Governors of Federal Re serve System.Whittington, G. ( 2008 ) . Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project An Alternate View. Cambridge University of Cambridge.

Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include Essay

essence turnout Manager, 206inc film director of communication theory, 75 Ninth AvenueCoordinator of Sales and market,75 Ninth Avenue confederacy marketing Manager, abdominal aortic aneurysmMidAtlantic, Inc widely distributed theatre director, Action tradeCountry Manager, Action merchandising Costa RicaPartner, Activent market coach, globular existential Marketing, Activision of age(p) Employee Communication Specialist and resultant Planner, Activision produce Inc.Retail experiential Marketing Manager, ActivisionPublishing Inc. higher-ranking unified founts Manager, AdobeMarketing Events Manager, ADPEvent Planner, ADPEvents Marketing Manager, AdRollManager of Events, Adult driftEvents Coordinator, Adult SwimPresident, Advantage internationalAssociate seminal theatre director,Advantage International grievance Manager, Advantage InternationalGeneral Manager, Agressive Communication handler of computes and moving in Development,AIM Marketing Solutions director, Integr ated Marketing, Alaska AirlinesConventions Planner, Alcon planetary Conventions Logistics Planner,Alcon Laboratories ranking(prenominal) sound projection Manager, Events, Align Technology wrong President, All Year Sports GalaxyPresident, Alliance Connection, Inc.Senior sin President, Allied existential handler-Sponsorships, Promotions and PR, AllstateDirector- ball-shaped Event Marketing, AMDSenior Manager, Consumer Products and Services,American ExpressMedia Consutlant/Producer, AmericanFamily InsuranceMedia Director, American Family InsuranceExperiential Marketing Specialist, American HondaMotor Co.Manager, Experiential Marketing, American HondaMotor Co., Inc.Director, Sales & Marketing, Event & ConferenceServices, American Museum of Natural History concern Development Manager, Amsterdam RAITrade Development, AmwayTradeshow Manager, AMXVP, Experiential Marketing, Anheuser-BuschMarketing Director, anthem Blue Crossand Blue ShieldOwner/Creative Director, AOO EventsEvents Manager, Apartments.comEvents Director, Armstrong PatrnershipMarketing Specialist, Audi of AmericaCreative Director, AWESTRUCK Marketing pigeonholingPresident, AWESTRUCK Marketing multitudePresident, B. 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Marketing, Chrysler grouping LLC2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeVP, node Creative, Chute GerdemanDirector Marketing strategy, CiscoMarketing Strategist, CiscoManager, course of instruction Management, CiscoSocial Media Manager, Consultant, Cisco, CiscoDirector of Sales, Partner Engagement andRecoginition schedules, CiscoManager Digital, Audience and MeasurementEngagement Strategy, CiscoPrincipal Marketing Manager, WorldwideMarketing, CitrixVP, Sales, City EventionsVice President, Events Marketing, City guinea pig BankPrincipal, Cloudburst Advisory convocationEvent Director, CMDGlobal Digital Marketing Manager, Coca-ColaDirector, Corporate Marketing, Cognizant issue distinguish Executive, Color ReflectionsLas VegasMarketing Manager, Comcast seamMobile Experience Regi onal Director,Compassion InternationalBrand Director, Constellation WinesManager, Global Marketing, Cook MedicalSenior Manager, Global Marketing, Cook MedicalVP, Program Development, CPC IntersectProject Sales, 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President, Elite Marketing Group number Executive, ELSCreative Director, EncatalogoCEO, Encompass Events Pvt LtdFounder & CEO, Encore NationwideCEO, locomotive engine blacklegDirector, Engine ShopDirector, Marketing Communications, EricssonDirector, guest Experiences, EscalateSr. Program Events Manager, ESET northeasterly AmericaCEO, eshots, Inc.Senior Manager, Brand Partnerships, EsuranceVice President of Global Marketing, etouches stock Development, Event Strategy GroupCEO, EventNet USAFounder & CEO, EventPro StrategiesSVP, Client Development, EventusVice President, EventusCEO, Eventus Marketing LLCPresident, Digital Engagements, EWI WorldwideExecutive Vice President, Exhibit SurveysGroup CEO, Exp GroupGroup CMO, Exp GroupHead of Strategy, Exp NigeriaCorporate Brand Consul tant, ExpandaBrandPartner, Fake LoveVP, Management Director, FCBXEVP, Group Management Director, FCBXSpecialty Sales Manager, Featherlite, Inc.Senior Brand Manager, Pralines, Ferrero Canada LtdSenior Manager, 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of Brand Promotion and PR, H&R BlockExecutive Director, Business Development,Hargrove IncSenior Account Executive, Hargrove IncSales Executive, Hargrove, Inc.Director, Regional & Dealer Communication,Harley-DavidsonDirector, Event Strategy and Execution, NorthAmerica, Harley-Davidson Motor go withSr. Coordinator Customer Experience Operations,Harley-Davidson Motor CompanyAccount coordinator, Hawkeye2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeClient Partner, hawkeye Sports & ExperientialBrand Director, Sponsorships & Events,Heineken USABrand Manager, Sponsorships & Events,Heineken USAManaging Partner, HeliosCreative Services Production Resource Manager,Hello Florida reference ManagementVP, Creative Services, Hello FloridaDestination ManagementSenior Account Manager, Henry VExperience Designer, Henry V / Lub DubAccount Manager, Henry V EventsSenior Manager, Event Marketing,Hewlett-Packard CompanyWriter/Producer, HGTVManager, Hills CorpCEO, Founder, Hit BrandsVP, Events Strategy and Transformation, HPSenior Director, HPSVP, Marketing and Events, HPSr. Group Manager, Experiential Marketing, HyundaiMotor AmericaAccount Executive, i4D EventsMarketing and Communications Manager, IdahoHousing and FinanceVice President, Ignition, Inc.Art Director, Illumina, Inc.Sr. Marketing Specialist, Illumina, Inc.Manager, Events, Illumina, Inc.Global Events, IMAX CorporationAssistant Manager, Global Events, IMAX CorporationNew Business Development, Manager,Impact UnlimitedCCO, Innova MarketingEvent Marketing Program Manager, IntelSenior Consumer Marketing Manager, IntelProgram Manager, Corporate Event Marketing, IntelAccount Exeuctive, Inter proceedings MarketingSenior Business Development Manager,Interactions MarketingAccount Executive, Interactions MarketingSr. Marketing Manager, InterCallDirector of Product Marketing, InterCallPresident & CEO, International SportsmensExpositions, Inc.Account Manager, InVision CommuniationsCEO, Co-Founder, InVision CommunicationsProject Manager, ITA GroupManager, Event Solution Line, ITA GroupProduction Manager, Jack Morton Wo rldwideStrategy Director, Jack Morton WorldwideSVP, Senior Strategist, Jack Morton WorldwideDirector of Business Development, JHEProduction GroupAccount Manager, JMISenior Consultant, Events & Marketing,Kaiser PermanenteManager, Event Marketing, Kaiser PermanenteManager, Programs & Design, Kaiser PermanenteDirector of Partnership Marketing,Karlitz & CompanyChief Growth Officer, Karma411Chief Executive Officer, Karma411Marketing Manager, KarmasphereGroup Account Director Experiential andSponsorship, KBS+Account Executive, KubikManaging Director, KubikVP, Museum Sales, Kubik Malbtbie, Inc.VP, Sales & Sponsorships, L&M ConsultingSVP, Strategy & Product Management, LanyonPromotions Supervisor, LatinWorksAccount Director, LeadDog Marketing Group IncDirector Client Partnerships, LeadDog MarketingGroup IncSenior Account Executive, LegacyMarketing PartnersGeneral Manager, Legacy Marketing PartnersAccount Supervisor, Legacy Marketing PartnersVice President, Sales & Marketing, LEGO KidsFestVi ce President, Operations, LEGO KidsFestPrincipal, LEO EventsSenior Vice President, LEO EventsPrincipal, LEO EventsDirector, Marketing Communications, LibertyMutual InsuranceCEO, LIFELAB eventsSVP, Chief Marketing Officer, Retirement PlanServices, Lincoln Financial Group2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeMarketing Manager, Conference/EventManagement, Lincoln Financial GroupCOO, Linder & AssociatesPresident, Linder & AssociatesDigital Director, Liquid 7 Digital Content HouseChief Creative Strategist, Live MarketingSenior Event Supervisor, LIVEmedia by SunflowerDirector of Events, LIVEmedia by SunflowerMarketing Manager, LIVESTRONG FoundationPresident, M2W Inc.Director, National Events & Partnerships, MacysParade & Entertainment GroupPrincipal, MAG Specialty VehiclesDirector of Client Service, MagnetEngagement GroupPresident, Magnet Engagement GroupPartnership Account Executive, Mall of 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Electric Co.Senior Brand Manager, MentosHead of Brand Experience Marketing,Mercedes-BenzCEO, Method ModelsVP, Hotel Sales, MGM dominating Hotel & CasinoVP, Sales, MGM Grand Hotel/CasinoSr. National Sales Manager, MGM GrandHotel/CasinoProduct Marketing Manager, MicrosoftGlobal Event Marketing, MicrosoftSenior Events & Digital MarketingManager, MicrosoftDigital Marketing Manager, MicrosoftSenior Director, Worldwide PartnerEvents, MicrosoftGeneral Manager, Worldwide Events, MicrosoftDirector of Operations, Milligan EventsPrincipal, Milligan EventsDirector of Business Development, Milligan EventsVP Marketing and Social/Digital Strategy, ModerneCommunications, Inc.President, Moderne Communications, Inc.President, Mosaic Experiential MarketingSenior Account Executive, Moss EventsVP, Operations & Strategy, MotiveCEO, Creative Director, MotiveEvents & Sponsorship Manager, MozAccount Director, PR/social influence, MULLENManager, National Basketball AssociationDirector of Consumer Marketing and MediaStrategy, National Geographic ChannelAssociate Manager, Consumer Marketing and Media Strategy, National Geographic ChannelsSenior Director Marketing, NBC SportsVice President, Ncompass InternationalAccount Manager, Ncompass InternationalCo-Founder, Ncompass InternationalAccount Manager, Ncompass InternationalAccount Coordinator, Ncompass InternationalBrand Activation Manager, modern Media &Marketing Limited2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeManaging Director/CEO, Neo Media &Marketing LimitedBusiness Analyst, Neo Media & Marketing LimitedDirector, NestleMarketing Service Director, NestleMarketing Events Coordinator, New YorkCentral MutualAccount Executive, Next MarketingDirector of Strategy, Next MarketingCEO/President, Next MarketingMarketing Coordinator, North HighlandAccount Executive, Nth DegreeAccount Director, Nth DegreeVP, Automotive Brand Experiences, Nth DegreeSenior Vice President, OctagonPresident, Octanorm USAPresident, On Board Experiential MarketingPresident, angiotensin converting enzyme erupt InteractiveEVP, Marketing & Strategic Developm ent, OpusEvents AgencyCOO, Opus Events AgencyEVP Creative Director, Opus Events AgencyEVP, Event Strategy & Design, Opus Events AgencyEVP, Global Accounts, Opus Events AgencyPresident, Opus Events AgencyVP, Marketing, OracleManaging Director/CEO, Oracle Experience LimitedBusiness Development, Oracle NigeriaBrand Activation Management, Oracle NigeriaCreative Consultant, Oracle NigeriaSenior Director, Global Initiatives, PayPalManaging Creative Director, PBJSVice President, PBJSCOO, PBJSSenior Manager, Brand Marketing, PeetsCoffee & TeaSenior Brand Director, PepsiSenior Director of cultural Branding, PepsiVP, Business Development/Operations, PerformanceMarketing Group, inc.Executive Director, CorporateAccounts/Motorsports, Performance MarketingGroup, inc.Director, Motorsports Marketing, PerformanceMarketing Group, inc.Experiential Producer, PeriscopeSenior Experiential Designer, PeriscopeDirector of Marketing and Communications, PhilipsGlobal Director, Marketing Communications,Philip s HealthcareDirector, New Business Development, PinnacleExhibits, Inc.VP, Operations, Plan C AgencyDirector of Sales, PlannernetSr. Research Manager, PortMAField Marketing Manager, favored BrandsInternational Tasty BiteVP, Partnership Marketing, PREIT MallsSenior Manager, Partnership Marketing, PREIT MallsPresident, Premiere TransportationBusiness Development, Production GlueNational Account Manager-Event Marketing,Productions Plus-The Talent ShopPresident, ProExhibitsPresident and Lead Staffer, ProfessionalStaffer ServicesVP, Program Development, ProfessionalStaffer ServicesSr. Marketing Manager, Project WorldWideSVP, Marketing and Communications,Project WorldWideEvent Coordinator, Promega CorporationExecutive Producer, ProsceniumCFO, ProsceniumChief Creative Officer, ProsceniumManaging Director, ProsceniumSenior Brand Manager, PRUSAEvents Manager, PRUSADirector of Product and ChannelMarketing, QuickMobilePartner, Executive Creative Director, RallyMarketing GroupPartner, Integrat ion & Development, RallyMarketing GroupPresident, Ravenchase AdventuresGlobal Director of PR, RazerSenior VP, Red Light ManagementSenior Program Manager, RedPeg MarketingDirector, B2B Strategy, RegenceBlueCross BlueShield2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeEvent Manager, Regence BlueCross BlueShieldDirector, RemezclaCEO, RemezclaDirector, RemezclaVP-Marketing, Remy CointreauAuthor, Resilience why Things Bounce BackVP, rEvolutionCOO, RMD Group Inc.Account Supervisor, Roberts CommunicationsAccount Executive, Roberts CommunicationsDirector of Sales, Rock-It CargoAuthor, Romancing the Brand How Brands CreateStrong, Intimate human relationships with ConsumersCEO, Sales GeneratorsExecutive Vice President, Sales GeneratorsDirector, Business Development, Sandra Arnold Inc.GM Events Pers, beatSenior Director, Global Events, SAPGM Events Pers, SAPVP, Global Events, SAPCEO/CCO, SchoolMarketing Coordinator, Scripps NetworksInteractive HGTV & DIY NetworkDirector Global Marketing, fishing gearDirector, Shared ExperiencesExecutive Director, Business Development,ShowTec, Inc.COO, Showtime GroupAVP, Business Development, Simon PropertyGroup/Simon Brand VenturesDirector of Marketing Communications & Services,Skyline ExhibitsAuthor, Social Why Our Brains AreWired to ConnectPartner, Soho ExperientialDirector of Business Develoment and StrategicPartnerships, SoHo ExperientialPartner, Soho ExperientialMarketing Manager, Solar Energy Trade Shows, LLCExecutive VP, Solutions at FluentVP, Branding & Professional Services, SonicVP, Strategic Accounts, SparksGlobal Director of Event Marketing, SpotifySenior Marketing Product Manager, Events, SQEDirector of Business Development,Staging Solutions, Inc.CEO, unityStrategy Director, Stretch Experiential MarketingShows and Events Manager, Subaru of AmericaCEO, SwitchSVP, Switch Liberate Your BrandVP, Marketing, Talking Rain Beverage Co.Sponsorship Specialist, Tauben CompanyManager, Mall Media, TaubmanSenior Manager, The Event G roup, TD AmeritradeDirector, The Event Group, TD AmeritradeVP, Events Management and Executive Conference bosoms, TD BankVP & Events Manager, TD BankAccount Director, TEAM EnterprisesAccount Supervisor, TEAM EnterprisesVP/Partner, TEAM EnterprisesAccount Supervisor, Experiential & RelationshipMarketing, Team OneStrategic Analyst, Team OneAccount Executive, Experiential & RelationshipMarketing, Team OneManagement Supervisor, Experiential & RelationshipMarketing, Team OneEvent Manager, The Boeing CompanyCustomer & Market Engagement Specialist,The Boeing CompanySr. Field & Experiential Marketing Manager,The Coca-Cola CompanyDirector, Field & Experiential Marketing Center ofExcellence, The Coca-Cola CompanyVP, Marketing, The Cosmopolitan Resort & CasinoPresident, The Event ShopVP, Corporate Communications, The Expo GroupVice President, The Expo GroupCo-Founder, The Hype AgencyDirector of Activations, The Hype AgencyMarketing and Promotions Coordinator, The LawSociety of Upper CanadaPart nered Events Coordinator,The LIVESTRONG FoundationAccount Director, The Marketing StoreAuthor, The Myths of CreativityOperations Manager, The Participation AgencyDirector of Business Development, The2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees IncludeSunflower GroupPresident/CEO, The Trade GroupTechnical Associate, Thinkwell GroupAccount Director, This Is FusionProgram Manager, This Is FusionAccount Executive, This Is FusionMarketing Manager, thomson reutersConference Director, thomson reutersConference Manager, thomson reutersCEO, Thrive line, Inc.CCO, THUMP / VICECEO, ThuziProject Director, Touch WorldwideManaging Partner, Touch WorldwideDirector of Strategy/Senior Producer,Touch WorldwideCEO, Touchdown MarketingPresident, Track Marketing GroupVP, Consumer Engagement, TrojanOneSenior Manager, Consumer Engagement, TrojanOneProject Manager, Turtle TransitCommander, U.S. Air ForcePartner, Undercurrent, LLCSenior Manager, Media & Business Development,United AirlinesEvent Markerting Manager, UniversalTechnical InstituteSenior Director of Consumer Products, UnivisionCommunications, IncDirector of Experiential Marketing, UnivisionCommunications, IncNational Sales Director, Upstage VideoDirector of Event Marketing and Communications,USANA Health SciencesDirector, Business Development, VanWagner CommunicationsVP, Events and Sponsorship, VAVi Sport and SocialClub Sport and Social Industry AssociationAssociate Director of Sales, VDA ProductionsAccount Executive, VEE CorporationExecutive Director, National RetailOperations, VerizonAssociate Director, Store Design, VerizonMarketing, Sponsorships & Events, VerizonMarketing Manager, Sponsorships & Events, VerizonHead of Innovations & CS, INS, ViacomDirector, Marketing, ViacomDirector Live, ViacomEccount Manager, Visage Advertisinf LimitedVP, Global Connections, VivastreamDirector, New Business Development, VWVClient Services Manager, VWV USADirector, New Business Development, VWV USADirector, Client Services, Wasserman Media Gro upSenior Director, Operations, WassermanMedia GroupSenior Vice President, Wasserman Media GroupVice President, Wasserman Media GroupVice President, Webb Audio VisualPresident, Webb Audio VisualExperiential marketing Consultant, surface FargoMarketing Manager, Wells FargoSponsorship Activation Manager, Wells FargoAssistant Vice President, Wells FargoCreative Services Manager, Western & SouthernDirector of Creative Services, Western & SouthernSenior Corporate Communications Specialist,Western & SouthernManager, Sponsorship, Community Investment &Experiential Marketing, WestJet AirlinesTeam Lead, Sponsorship & Experiential Marketing,WestJet AirlinesManager, Sponsorship, WestJet AirlinesTeam Lead, Sponsorship, WestJet AirlinesDirector, Experiential Events, World VisionManager, Client Engagement & Events Marketing,Xerox CorporationEvents Manager, Zebra TechnologiesEvent Marketing Director, Zumba Fitness

Pdhpe Factors Affecting Performance

HSC Core 2 Factors Affecting Per conformationance Chapter 5 How does indoctrinate affect process? efficiency musical arrangements * alact social disease administration (ATP/PC) * lactic acid system * aerobic system Energy Systems The human torso requires zip unfalteringener for its variety meat to function, internal processes to render place and to power muscular concretions for question * Energy in the human consistence is stored in the chemical bonds that join atoms and is released when needed * The transformation of food, chemical energy, into energy that the energys fire use, mechanical energy, is the role of energy systems * Chemical energy is energy stored in bonds between atoms * Mechanical energy is motion or motion energy * Energy provided by food is thrifty in kilojoules (kJ) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a mellow energy compound that stores and transfers energy to be cells * The ATP compound consists of a large molecule call adenosine and three sma ller molecules called phosphate, each phosphate is held together by high energy bonds * When the last or terminal phosphate is detached, the energy stored in this bond be sums avail adequate to(p) and is transferred to the cells * Energy from ATP al diminisheds the fibres in brawns to contract, enabling movement * Once the phosphate molecule has detached it is tintred to as Adenosine diphosphate * Resynthesis is the process of restoring ATP to its former separate The three systems that sham ATP available ar * The alactacid system (ATP/PC) * The lactic acid system (glycolytic system) * The aerobic system ( get under ones skinface O system) * The alactacid and lactic acid systems argon anaerobic pathways as they do not use type O for the resynthensis of ATP * The aerobic system uses oxygen for the resynthesis of ATP and is oxygen dependent * Although the energy systems atomic number 18 examined in isolation, they function together, the predominant energy system is the one be ing near utilised at that point in time Alactacid system (ATP/PC) ATP supplies at warmness the organic structure ar only large enough to modify one explosive muscular compaction and lasts 1-2 seconds * Further muscular contraction relies on creatine phosphate interruption lot, which provides energy for the phosphate to combine with the adenosine diphosphate to once again form adenosine triphosphate * Creatine phosphate (CP) is an energy rich compound that serves as an alternative energy seeded player for muscular contraction * CP supplies ar exhausted in 10-12 seconds and takes only 2 transactions to be fully restored in the armorial bearing of oxygen * We expect intimately 90 grams of ATP stored and close to 120 grams of CP stored * There ar no fatiguing by-products of this system, however heat is produced Lactic acid system Glycogen is the storage form of glucose and is use for fuel when fund glucose levels decline * Glycolysis is the process of using glycogen or glucose as fuel * anaerobiotic glycolysis is a process where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce energy * Lactic acid is produced be get to insufficient oxygen terminations in the incisionial partitioning of glucose, providing quick but modified ATP production, as well as the by-product lactic acid * As sufficient oxygen is not available during intense exercise, lactic acid levels rise and continue to rise as long suit emergences * The fuel of the lactic acid system is carbohyd identify in the form of glucose in the gunstock and stored glycogen * It is the dominant system used for intense natural process performed between 30 seconds and 2/3 elegants * Excessively high levels of lactic acid rule out the brawniness fibres from contracting and result in a rapid deterioration in performance * Lactate is processed in the mitochondria in the muscle cells, intimately is converted to carbon dioxide and water and some is converted to fuel * The lactate doorstep is the point at which lactic acid accumulates rapidly in the blood * Lactic acid diffuses from the muscle and into the bloodstream taking between 30 legal proceeding and an hour * Metabolism is the sum f all chemical processes within cells that transform substances into energy * A mole is the gram-molecular weight of a substance Aerobic system * Aerobic metamorphosis is the breakdown of fuel in the presence of oxygen to produce energy (ATP) * Glucose, fat and sometimes protein be used * As glycogen supplies are exhausted, fat becomes the dominant energy source * wear thin occurs because fat requires more than oxygen for metabolism than carbohydrate * It is the dominant energy system for exercise from more or less 2 minutes onwards * By products produced are carbon dioxide and water * To rec everywhere, it whitethorn take days to restore glycogen reserves depending on vehemence and duration * E. g. triathlon, marathon, 1km swim, 10km run Types of cookery and dressi ng methods aerobic, e. g. continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval, circuit * anaerobic, e. g. anaerobic interval * flexibility, e. g. static, ballistic, PNF, dynamic * efficiency fosterage, e. g. free/fixed weights, elastic, hydraulic Types of training and training methods The four types of training are * Aerobic training * Anaerobic training * flexibleness training * Strength training Aerobic training Uses the aerobic system as the main source of energy fork up preparation types intromit * Continuous training * Fartlek training * Aerobic interval training * Circuit training Continuous training * Involves preserve effort for over 20 minutes e. g. proceed, cycling and erobics * Heart rate must be within the target zone of 65%-85% easy lay heart rate to enable physiological adaptations to take place * Long, slow distance training focuses on distance rather than vivify Fartlek training * In fartlek training, participants vary their pep pill and the terrain on which they are so lveing, engaging both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems * Fartlek training is a combination of interval and continuous training because of its use of variations in speed and intensity * Intensity is varied through the use of bursts of speed, running up and down hills, group running with changing leadership and changing terrain types * Fartlek training is particularly beneficial for games players who are frequently changing intensity e. g. rugby, basketball and soccer Aerobic interval training Aerobic interval training involves alternating sessions of regulate and recovery * The short rest halt does not allow enough time for full recovery and thus maintains stress on the aerobic system Circuit training * Circuit training requires participants to move from one station to another, do specified exercises at each until they complete the circuit * Can all work aerobic or anaerobic system depending on intensity and duration * Participants aim to complete the circuit in the shortes t af warmable time Anaerobic training * Anaerobic training uses high intensity work coupled with limited recovery to develop the anaerobic energy systems * Generally lasts less than 2 minutes and is of a high intensity * Develops greater tolerance for the lactic acid created Short anaerobic training lasts less than 25 seconds and develops the ATP/PC system, medium anaerobic training lasts from 25 seconds to one minute and develops the lactic acid system and long anaerobic training lasts one to both minutes and develops lactic acid / aerobic systems Anaerobic interval * Is sprint training over short distances using maximal effort with rests Flexibility training * Flexibility is the range through which joints and body parts are able to move * Flexibility is essential for prevention of wounding, muscular relaxation, decreasing soreness and tightness undermentioned exercise and plusd range of movement, maximising performance * Flexibility is affected by factors such as age, sex, te mperature, exercise frequency and itemity * The four common types of stretch are static, dynamic, ballistic and PNF Static reach During static stretching the muscle is slowly and smoothly stretched to a position of no discomfort which is held for around 30 seconds * Static stretching is safe and should be used extensively in the rehabilitation of imperfection and cool-down phase of training Ballistic stretching * Ballistic stretching involves repeated movements such as swinging and bouncing to gain extra stretch * This form of stretching activates the stretch reflex which is an involuntary muscle contraction that prevents fibre harm if muscles are being lengthened beyond their normal range * Ballistic stretching should only be used by groundbreaking athletes and even then should follow a thorough prompt-up and another form of stretching due to the world power of the force and momentum of the movement to be potentially harmful Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) s tretching PNF stretching involves lengthening a muscle against a granting immunity provided by a partner * It is aimed at stretching and forceening the muscle in a safe env pressment, dejection be used as a warm up, cool down or in rehabilitation * The progressive cycle involves stretching the muscle group using a static stretch, isometrically contracting the muscle in the stretched position against the resistance of the partner for about 10 seconds, relaxing in the lengthened position for about 5 seconds, then repeating the static stretch and isometric contraction Dynamic stretching * Dynamic stretching, commonly used in warm ups due to its attempt to imitate the movements of the game, uses speed and momentum with movements experienced in a game to extend flexibility * Dynamic stretching is continuous but the end position is not held Strength training Strength training is a form of training where the muscular contraction is resisted by calculated subverts, thereby building the strength of the muscle * Strength is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance * Muscle hypertrophy is a term that refers to muscle growth together with an increase in the size of muscle cells * Strength training programs mess be used for building strength, evolution power, developing muscular endurance, injury rehabilitation and ecumenical wellness benefits * There are many ways of creating resistance or an opposing force including free weights, weight machines, elastic bands and hydraulic resistance * Isotonic programs involves superlative/lowering and pulling / pushing against a resistance to contract and lengthen muscle fibres * Isometric programs involve applying a resistance and using exercises in which the muscle length does not change * Repetitions are performed quickly to increase power and slowly to increase strength Free weights Used to develop all muscles in a group at the same time * Use of barbells, dumbbells and hand weights * Mo st resistance is encountered when initiating the movement * Good technique is needful to avoid injury * Include squat, bench press, bicep curl, calf raise, upright row and sit ups with weight Fixed / Weight machines * Resistance is provided by stacked weights which can be modify by changing pin placements * Weight machines are particularly beneficial for isolating specific muscles for development e. g. pec machine * There is less chance of injury than free weights as tracks restrict the way each movement can be performed Resistance bands (elastic) The bands are anchored by an immovable object or part of the body, and are stretched, creating a resistance * Most of the resistance is experienced at the end of the movement because this is where the elastic material is under the greatest tension * Is a cheap and portable form of resistance training Hydraulic resistance * Resistance is felt through the entire movement and also with the corresponding movement to give way it to its start ing point * Greatest resistance is felt when acting movements at higher speeds Principles of training * progressive overload * specificity * reversibility * variety * training thresholds * warm up and cool down Principles of training * Effective training requires the implementation of a fall of substantial principles Progressive overload The overload principle implies that gains in fitness or adaptations occur only when the training load is greater than normal and is progressively change magnitude as cleansements in fitness occur * Training produces certain physiological changes that allow the body to work at a higher level of intensity * These adaptations will not take place if the load or resistance is either too small or too big * A resistance that is too high results in the onset of drop as well as possible injury and the discontinuation of the activity * Progressive overload in aerobic training results in increased cardiac product and increased oxygen uptake * The applic ation of it to strength training will result in muscle hypertrophy which is directly related to an increase in strength * In endurance programs the load increases need to be small and the adaptations take place slowly * Fastest gains are made in flexibility, then in strength Specificity * The specificity principle states that the greatest gains are made when activity in the training program resembles the movements in the game or activity * This principle is particularly important when considering the development of energy systems, muscle groups and components of fitness * Metabolic specificity refers to identifying the energy system or systems most appropriate to the activity and developing these systems through related training procedures Reversibility * The effects of training programs are reversible * This is referred to as the detraining effect Gains in aerobic fitness are gradually helpless if training ceases, in strength programs losses are experienced quicker and even quicke r in flexibility programs * If big gains have been made during training, greater losses will follow when training stops Variety * Repetition without variation can lead to boredom, injury and the overuse of individual muscles * General endurance, strength and power can be developed using a variety of techniques including swimming, plyometrics and resistance programs to supplement training * Plyometrics refers to a special range of exercises in which a muscle is lengthened using an eccentric contraction, followed by a rapid concentric contraction Training thresholds For improvement to occur we must work at a level of intensity that causes adaptations to take place * The magnitude of improvement is round proportional to the threshold level at which we work * The aerobic threshold refers to a level of exercise intensity that is sufficient to cause a training effect, is approximately 65 70% of MHR * The aerobic training zone is the level of intensity lying between the aerobic and anaer obic thresholds * The anaerobic threshold or lactate inflection point is characterised by lactic acid collecting and fatigue * The principle can be applied to resistance training, with high reps being used to develop muscular endurance and high resistance and low reps being used to develop strength Warm-up and cool-down * The warm up reduces the take a chance of injury, increases joint mobility and muscle length, increases body temperature, mentally prepares the athlete for training, stimulates the cardiorespiratory system * The warm up should last for a minimum of 10 minutes, lasting up to 40 minutes where explosive movements such as sprinting are required * The warm up should include general aerobic activity e. g. ogging, specific flexibility exercises, callisthenics which are repetitive movements performed on the spot such as push ups and star jumps and also adroitness rehearsal * The cool down minimises muscle stiffness and soreness, decrease body temperature slowly and dispe rses and metabolises lactic acid minginess * The cool down should include aerobic work of a decreasing intensity and stretching of muscle groups used Physiological adaptations in response to training * resting heart rate * stroke volume and cardiac output * oxygen uptake and lung capacity * haemoglobin level * muscle hypertrophy * effect on fast/slow pinch muscle fibres Physiological adaptations in response to training In response to training, the body makes adaptations or adjustments to the level of stress obligate on it * Although progressive improvements will be seen throughout a training program, it usually takes about 12 weeks to realise the entire benefits * Training will cause adaptations to a number of capacities, including resting heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output, oxygen uptake and lung capacity, haemoglobin levels, muscle hypertrophy and fast and slow twitch muscle fibres Resting heart rate * Is the number of heart beats per minute while the body is at rest * The average untrained male has a resting heart rate of 70 to 75 BPM * Training can lower this to 30 40 BPM * Training can reduce RHR by about one BPM each week for the first fewer months of training * Low resting heart rates reflects larger cardiac hypertrophy which allows for a greater stroke volume Stroke volume * Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of he heart during a contraction, measurable in mL / beat * Stroke volume is notably higher at maximal exercise pursuit an endurance training program * This occurs because training causes the left ventricle to fill more completely during the diastole phase than it does in an untrained heart * There is also more blood in circulation following training due to an increase in blood plasma volume, meaning that more blood is able to enter the ventricle * Blood volume can increase by half a litre after only 8 days of endurance training * The increased oxygen available to the deeds muscles results in impro ved performance Cardiac output * Cardiac Output (Q) is the volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute, determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume * Untrained individuals may have a Q of 15 20 litres per minute, whereas trained athletes Q can range from 20 40 litres per minute due to a large increase in stroke volume * Q is generally regarded as maximum output when given type O uptake Oxygen uptake is the ability of the working muscles to use the oxygen being deliver-coloreded * The most significant improvements in response to aerobic training are in oxygen uptake * As we begin to exercise the mitochondria in the cells use more oxygen in the provision of energy * Maximal oxygen uptake, or VO2 max, is regarded as the best indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance because it indicates the maximal amount of oxygen that muscles can absorb and use at that level of work * A high VO2 max indicates a superior oxygen delivery system * Measurements are expressed in millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of bodyweight per minute (mL/kg/min) * Average VO2 max levels are about 35 mL/kg/min and can be increased up to very high levels of even 80 or 90 mL/kg/min * A 15-20% increase in oxygen uptake is typical for the average inactive person who applies the FITT principle for a six-month period * Increases in oxygen uptake and VO2 max come from an increase in mitochondria numbers and their size as well as a possible increase due to increase in blood volume Lung capacity * Lung capacity is the amount of air that the lungs can hold * Total lung capacity is about 6000mL is males and slightly less in females * Lung capacity changes little with training, however it does cause some increase at maximal levels of exercise due to lower levels of equilibrium volume Haemoglobin level Haemoglobin is the substance in blood that binds to oxygen and transports it around the body, it is contained in the red blood cells of the body * Each red blood cell contains about 250 million haemoglobin molecules * The average individual has about 14 grams of haemoglobin per 100 mL of blood * Most oxygen in the blood is transported by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells * They absorb oxygen at the lungs very quickly and carry this to the working muscles + organs * Haemoglobin levels increase roughly 20% as a result of training predominantly due to an increase in blood volume as this increases oxygen-carrying capacity * Haemoglobin levels are also increased through altitude training as well as consuming a high iron victuals Muscle hypertrophy Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle or the cross-sectional area of the muscle as well as an increase in the size of muscle cells * Hypertrophy is induced by training programs that stimulate activity in muscle fibres causing them to grow * Without stimulation, muscle fibres can reduce in size, known as muscular atrophy which is a wasting away or decrease in size * The growth in the size of the muscle is a di rect result from an increase in actin and myosin filament which produce muscle action, myofibrils which are the contractile elements of skeletal muscle and connective tissue which surrounds and supports the muscle * Muscle hypertrophy can occur in 4 6 weeks * Training cannot change the type of muscle fibre, only the cross sectional area * Hypertrophy is more easily achieved in males due to a higher compactness of testosterone Effect on fast and slow twitch muscle fibres * The two types of muscle fibres are slow-twitch or type 1 muscle fibres (red fibres) which contract slowly and for long periods of time, and fast witch or type 2 muscle fibres (white fibres) which reach peak tension quickly and are used for explosive movements * Most individuals have approximately even numbers of red and white fibres, while some individuals genetically have higher proportions of one type or the other * The bulk of the work is performed by muscles most suited to the specific type of activity * Aero bic training causes hypertrophy of ST muscle fibres, an increase in the number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibres which improves gaseous exchange, increases number and size of mitochondria which produce ATP, increases Myoglobin content which transports oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria and level of oxidative enzymes increases * There are two types of fast twitch fibres, FTa which can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and FTb which uses only anaerobic metabolism * Training intensity can alter the relative proportions of subtypes in FT muscle fibres * Anaerobic training causes an increase in the efficiency and supply of ATP / PC, an increase in glycolytic enzymes, hypertrophy of FT muscle fibres and an increase in lactic acid tolerance Chapter 6 Psychology and performance * Research continues to suggest that there is significant potential to improve performance through mental training Motivation * positive and negative * intrinsic and extrinsic Motivation Motivation is an internal state that activates, directs and sustains behaviour towards achieving a particular stopping point * Motivation is a force that can be manipulated to help an athlete achieve their full potential * Increasing the level of demand in athletes can be achieved through recognising individual effort, supporting belief in ones ability, instilling a good work ethic and providing positive musical accompaniment and encouragement * The level of demand we are able to achieve is affected by self-determination, parental pressure, response to support of others, money and the challenge Positive demand * Positive motivation occurs when an individuals performance is driven by revious reinforcing behaviours * The athlete is conditioned to perform in expectation of the reward * Positive motivation relies on continual self-reinforcement and / or reinforcement by others such as a coach, family, friends or spectators * Positive motivation is more effective than negative mo tivation and also more sustainable Negative motivation * Negative motivation is characterised by an improvement in performance out of fear of the consequences of not performing to expectations * Negative motivation can cause a player to not take risks, be indecisive and lack creativity * While negative motivation can work on an irregular basis, in the long term it can destroy confidence, initiative and belief in oneself intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation is a self-propelling force that encourages athletes to achieve because they have an interest in a task or activity and they enjoy use uping and performing the movements * Intrinsic motivation is the preferred type of motivation because personal reward and self-satisfaction are much stronger driving forces than anything imposed from outside * Results in a very high level of concentration where the individual is completely absorbed in the task Extrinsic motivation * Extrinsic or external motivation is motivation that comes fro m sources outside a person, such as a coach or parent * Extrinsic motivation focuses on the product or what can be gained * Is seen in forms such as praise, material rewards and financial remuneration * Intrinsic motivation is more sustainable Anxiety and arousal * trait and state misgiving * sources of stress * optimum arousal Anxiety and Arousal * Anxiety is predominantly a psychological process characterised by fear or pinch in anticipation of confronting a situation perceived to be potentially threatening * Any sporting contest can give rise to anxiousness Anxiety can also be entrenched in expectations, especially if one thumbs that they cannot be fulfilled * Arousal is a physiological process characterised by increased heart rate, tightness of muscles, increased blood supply and higher respiration rate Trait anxiety * Trait anxiety refers to a general level of stress that is characteristic of each individual * It varies according to how individuals have conditioned themselv es to respond to and manage the stress State anxiety * State anxiety is characterised by a state of heightened emotions that develop in response to specific fear or danger * A certain level of anxiety dexterity be considered beneficial in sports where aggression is a natural outlet e. g. ugby * However it can hinder performance in fine motor hot sports e. g. archery Sources of stress * Stress is the non-specific response of the body to a demand placed on it * It can be felt by participants in all sports * We feel stress building within us, produced by adrenaline which readies the body for action * Stress is characterised by increased blood supply, more oxygen to the lungs, increased glucose production, increased sweat production and tightened muscles * Factors that produce stress are called stressors and can develop from, in sporting situations, personal pressure, ambition pressure and social pressure best arousal Arousal is a physiological response and can be experienced prior to and during a performance * While anxiety is primarily a psychological state, arousal is essentially a physiological process * Arousal level can either facilitate or hinder the execution of specific skills * The individual performs a skill most successfully when the level of arousal is optimal for that particular task and that individual * Low arousal is optimal for tasks involving few muscle groups e. g. darts, as opposed to high arousal which is optimal for activities involving large body movements e. g. running Psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety * concentration/attention skills (focusing) * mental rehearsal/visualisation/ tomography * relaxation techniques * goal-settingPsychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety * Uncontrolled anxiety can potentially have a negative impact on performance, but a complete lack of anxiety can undermine effort and achievement * Athletes are able to use strategies including concentration / attent ion skills, mental rehearsal / visualisation / imagery, relaxation techniques and goal-setting to ensure their mental and physical energy is channelled in the right direction submergence / attention skills (focusing) * Concentration is the ability to link movement and awareness to the fulfilment that the individual can focus on doing, as opposed to thinking about doing * When an individual focuses on the task or activity, their thoughts relate to execution * Concentration can be improved through training that emphasises the process rather than the yield * Through developing skills that block out distractions, using routines, avoiding negative thoughts and utilising self-talk an athlete is able to gain greater concentration Mental rehearsal / visualisation / imagery Mental rehearsal is the commonly used technique of picturing the performance or skill beforehand executing it * It has been shown to enhance not only competition performance, but also the accomplishment and building of motor skills * Mental rehearsal requires vivid, realistic pictures at performance speed in the mind and a palpate of experiencing the movement * Mental rehearsal can improve performance as it focuses the mind on the correct execution of the skill, provides a clear idea of what has to be done and heightens concentration Relaxation techniques * Relaxation techniques are a series of techniques that seek to control the bodys response to stress * Relaxation techniques may assist the athlete in control of arousal * Techniques commonly used by athletes include progressive muscular relaxation, mental relaxation, self-hypnosis, meditation and centred breathing Goal-setting Goals are targets that we direct our efforts towards and can relate to either performance or behaviour * They provide athletes with a reason to persevere with training over extended periods * The types of goals include short goals which can be achieved in a limited period of time, long-term goals which can be achieved only over a long period of time, behavioural goals which relate to improved behavioural expectations and performance goals which pertain to the athletes desired level of success Chapter 7 Nutrition, recovery strategies and performance nutritionary considerations * pre-performance, including carbohydrate loading * during performance * post-performance Nutritional considerations Programs designed to improve performance must be supported by solid nutritional consecrates * The two most important nutritional considerations are the roles of carbohydrates and hydration * The type of food consumed prior to competition directly affects the quantity of energy available * Hydration involves supplying sufficient water to the bodys cells * Fluid is important because it is the bodys medium for cooling heated muscles and assists in temperature regulation by transporting heat to the outside of the body * A deficiency in fuel or fluid supply contributes to a substandard performance and can place the health of the athlete at risk Pre-performance (carbohydrate loading) * Food consumed prior to activity is useful only if digested and its energy and nutrients are made available to where they are required in the body * Foods high in fat, protein and fibre such as meats require longer periods to digest * Athletes are advised to eat mostly complex carbs e. g. pasta, cereal, fruits and bread * Food ingested before a performance has the potential to cause discomfort * The appropriate quantity of food elates to the type of competition * A normal meal 3 4 hours before competition is usually appropriate, as the time period prior to competition becomes shorter, food intake should be in the form of snacks and liquid preparations * People competing in competition or events should drink adequate fluid in the preceding days, especially in the hours prior * Carbohydrate loading is a technique used to maximise the bodys storage of glycogen in preparation for a high-intensity endurance activi ty of more than 90 minutes can improve performance by about 2% 3% and delay fatigue * Muscle saturation of glycogen is best achieved through a balance diet high in carbohydrates especially complex carbs and tapering of training for 2 to 4 days before competition * About 6 8 cups of water is needed per day, which is about 1. 5 2L of water, this amount is needed even before you take into account other factors such as heavy exercise, a wry or hot environment or being overweight. During performance Endurance events, particularly in hot and possibly humid conditions, can have a significant impact on the bodys fuel and fluid supplies * The need for carbohydrate and electrolyte replacement depends on a number of factors including intensity, duration, humidity, clothing type and individual sweat rates * Electrolytes are salts and minerals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, that are important for many body functions such as chemical breakdown and nerve conduction, electr olytes are lost through perspiration during exercise * It is suggested that 200 300 mL of fluid be taken in every 15-20 minutes during exercise * It is especially important to be well hydrated when you are physically active as a loss of one or more per cent of your body weight due to sweating can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness and fatigue * Hydration is essential for heat dispersion, temperature regulation, chemical replys producing energy, waste governing body through sweating and to allow blood to flow to major organs which is essential in sports performance * When you have lost an excessive amount of somatic fluid and are dehydrated you may experience thirst, discomfort, headaches, cramps, decreased blood pressure, dizziness, fainting, constipation and fatigue * When you are dehydrated, your body still tries to maintain its cardiac output the amount of blood that is pumped around the body by the heart, by compensating for the loss of fluid by increasing the heart rate and c onstricting the blood vessels to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow to organs * Dehydration is an excessive loss of water Post-performance A post-performance nutritional cast aims to return the body to its pre-event state as quickly as possible * Proactive recovery means that refuelling and rehydration begins immediately and continues for 8-12 hours following the performance * Depleted muscle and liver glycogen stores need to be replaced immediately through an intake of food and drink high in carbohydrates with a high glycaemic index * The glycaemic index is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on how they affect blood sugar level * Rehydration needs to take place to replace fluids and electrolytes lost during the event * brisk rest is encouraged as it enhances the manufacture of red blood cells, new proteins and specific cellular components damaged by stress-related movements subjoining * vitamins/minerals * protein * caffeine * creatine products Supplementation Dietary supplementation is found in many forms, including vitamins and minerals, protein, caffeine and creatine products * Supplements may be of little value if the diet is already well balanced in terms of nutritional urgencys Vitamins * Vitamins are essential to maintaining bodily functions * Vitamins are required in only very small quantities in the body * A balanced diet is important because food is the main source of vitamins * The body is unable to manufacture vitamins * Vitamin supplementation should not be a response to a desire for improved performance, but rather arise out of special needs e. g. ill health * The intake of excessive quantities of vitamins A and D may contribute to muscle and joint irritation and headaches due to the bodys ability to store them Minerals Minerals are essential for the body to function properly, but do not provide energy * They are found in the body and are necessary for it to function adequately * Iron and calcium are the two minerals that are most commonly deficient in athletes * Athletes should look to dietary sources rather than supplementation to gain adequate minerals Protein * Proteins primary importance to the body is its structural role in holding the cells together and in the growth, repair and maintenance of body tissue * High levels of protein are needed by strength athletes, endurance athletes in heavy training and adolescents undergoing a growth spurt * However changes in the dietary balance are the preferred method of supplementation Caffeine Caffeine does appear to improve cognitive processes, such as alertness * Caffeine does not appear to enhance performance in short-term high intensity activities such as sprinting * Diuretic properties of caffeine suggest that it should be avoided as it may contribute to dehydration * A diuretic is a drug that increases the amount of fluid (water and urine) passing from the body * The only evidence of caffeine enhancing performance is that it may assist specific meta bolic processes, enhancing endurance performance * An ergogenic aid is a substance or radiation diagram that improves or is believed to improve physical performance Creatine products The body has two sources of creatine, production by body cells and food intake, particularly from meat * It is important in making energy available to sustain short duration explosive activity such as weight-lifting and sprinting * Creatine cannot be stored in the body * Muscle hypertrophy is more easily achieved when training is assisted by creatine supplementation, possibly related to the increase in weight it causes * There is little, if any benefit of supplementation to enhancing performance Recovery strategies * physiological strategies, e. g. cool down, hydration * neural strategies, e. g. hydrotherapy, massage * tissue damage strategies, e. g. cryotherapy * psychological strategies, e. g. relaxation Recovery strategies Recovery strategies aim to ensure that the athlete is able to resume normal tr aining and competition within the time span of the training program * Active rest is still regarded as the most beneficial form of recovery * Rest allows both physiological and psychological revitalisation to take its course * During rest, muscles repair and rebuild while energy and fluid levels are restored to pre-event levels * Short-term recovery requires activities such as cool-down following training, together with low intensity exercise to promote soft tissue repair and disperse lactic acid * Recovery strategies can be categorised as physiological, neural, tissue damage or psychological Physiological strategies (cool down, nutritional plan hydration + fuel recovery) * Physiological strategies need to focus on the removal of metabolic by-products and a nutritional plan to replace lost fluids and energy-rich nutrients * An effective cool-down is the recommended manner for removal of metabolic by-products * The purpose of a cool-down following exercise is to gradually reduce hea rt rate and metabolism to the pre-exercise state while also assisting in the removal of waste products including lactic acid, which contributes to muscle stiffness and soreness * It is also designed to restore a number of other elevated body functions, such as ventilation rate, blood distribution and adrenaline levels back to normal * The cool-down should consist of 5-10 minutes of walking / jogging / slow swimming, with the aim of returning the body to pre-exercise temperature * Static stretching is also important * Vigorous or sustained exercise that is not concluded with a cool-down may result in blood pooling, causing dizziness * A nutritional plan encompassing fluid recovery and fuel recovery is preponderating * Drinking 600mL of water for every half kilogram of weight lost during exercise is ecommended * During the first 30 minutes to two hours following exercise the muscles are most receptive to glycogen enrichment and this is the best time for fuel recovery * A high carbohy drate diet is recommended during exercise recovery uneasy strategies (hydrotherapy, massage) * Neural strategies such as hydrotherapy and massage aim to relax muscles that have been fatigued or damaged as a result of high intensity exercise * Strenuous exercise impacts on the central nervous system and this may contribute to fatigue * Hydrotherapy involves the use of water to relax, soothe pain and assist metabolic recovery * Water provides support for movements, and eliminates jarring and straining movements that are associated with land drills * Typical hydrotherapy methods involve use of steam rooms, spas, subaquatic massage and heated swimming pools * Sports massage focuses on body and mental relaxation It is important as exercise induced tension can cause stress on joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles * Post-event massage claims to help relieve swelling, reduce muscle tension, assist in eliminating toxic by-products, promote flexibility and prepare the athlete for the cont erminous training session Tissue damage strategies (cryotherapy) * Cryotherapy involves the use of cooling to treat injury or quicken recovery from performances, particularly those that involve collisions and / or sustained intensity * Ice is the most used form of cryotherapy because of its ability to slow down the tissue inflammatory process, preventing the build-up of waste Psychological strategies (relaxation) Use of psychological strategies represents an important phase in emotional and possibly spiritual recovery * Mind relaxing activities such as reading, listening to music, and watching movies or television are helpful and used by most athletes * The benefits of other more specialised psychological techniques such as progressive muscular relaxation, flotation, meditation, visualisation, centred breathing and positive self-talk are realised if good frequently Chapter 8 Skill and performance * Skill is the ability to consistently perform movements with control and precision * The acquisition of skill is a gradual development process that requires that our cognitive (thinking) processes work with our physical abilities to learn how to perform movements that previously were unfamiliar to us * Acquisition is gaining possession of something Stages of skill acquisition * cognitive * associative * autonomous Stages of skill acquisition The stages of skill acquisition can be categorised into the cognitive or planning stage, the associative or practice stage and the autonomous or automatic stage Cognitive stage * Cognitive refers to mental processing of information, thinking and understanding * The fundamental requirement here is that the athlete gains an understanding of the task required * The learner may experience error, awkwardness and some disorientation * Positive learning should be reinforced and encouraged Associative stage * Associative means connecting or linking ideas * The associative stage is identified by a specific emphasis on practice * Errors s till occur, but are smaller and less frequent than in the cognitive stage * A sense of fluency or smoothness develops as the learners kinaesthesis improves Autonomous stage Autonomous means being in full control of actions so they become automatic * temporal patterning is developed, where their movement has a characteristic fluency as the sub-routines sequence and blend in aesthetically pleasing motions Characteristics of the learner, e. g. temper, heredity, confidence, prior experience, ability Characteristics of the learner * The speed with which learners are able to acquire certain motor skills depends on a number of factors, of which most are inherent features * Some characteristics of learners that affect the rate of learning are personality, heredity, confidence, prior experience and ability Personality Personality refers to an individuals characteristic way of behaving * From a motor learning point of view, certain aspects of personality tend to be more favourable with certa in learning environments * Attributes affecting learning include cooperativeness, willingness to listen, determination, enthusiasm, dedication, level of motivation, aggressiveness and willingness to take risks and learn * Traits are characteristics or observable features of a person Heredity * Heredity refers to genetic characteristics inherited from our parents * Important hereditary characteristics are the relative percentage of fast-twitch to slow-twitch muscle fibres, somatotype, gender, height and conceptual ability * Somatotype is a persons body type or shape, with ectomorphic referring to linearity, mesmorphic referring to muscularity and endomorphic referring to roundness Confidence * Self-confidence is a firm belief in ones own ability * Confidence develops from experiencing success in learning situations * Confidence leads to self-belief Prior experience It is often easier to learn a new skill if similar movements have already been successfully acquired * Transfer of learn ing is an important reality in the acquisition of new skills * side(prenominal) transfer is the transfer from one task to another similar task e. g. forehand in ping pong and tennis * Vertical transfer is master a lower order task as a prerequisite for something much more difficult e. g. kicking using a kickboard and freestyle skill * Ability is the ease with which an individual is able to perform a movement or routine * Ability incorporates a range of factors, such as sense acuity, perception, reaction time and intelligence * Acuity is sharpness The learning environment nature of the skill (open, closed, gross, fine, discrete, serial, continuous, self-paced, externally paced) * the performance elements ( finish-making, strategic and tactical development) * practice method (massed, distributed, whole, part) * feedback (internal, external, concurrent, delayed, companionship of results, intimacy of performance) The learning environment * The learning environment refers to everythi ng outside the learner and embraces the skill itself, the situation in which it is practised, information from coaches and even the influence of surrounding brave out conditions The nature of skill * Skills are commonly classified advertisement as open or closed, gross motor or fine motor, discrete, serial or continuous, and self-paced or externally paced Open and closed skills Open skills occur in an environment that is unpredictable and frequently changing * Closed skills occur in an environment that is horse barn and predictable * The closed environment is much more conducive to skill learning because the learner is not distracted by other factors * Skills can be placed along a continuum from closed to open Gross motor and fine motor skills * Gross motor skills require the use of large muscle groups for execution * Fine motor skills require the use of only small muscle groups to perform the movement Discrete, serial and continuous skills * Skills can be classified as discrete, serial or continuous according to where they begin and end * Discrete skills have a distinct beginning and end that can be identified e. g. a forward role * Serial skills involve a equence of smaller movements that are assembled to make a total skill e. g. a lay-up in basketball * Continuous skills have no distinct beginning or end e. g. swimming Self-paced and externally paced skills * Self-paced skills are movements for which the performer determines the timing and speed of execution e. g. bowling in cricket * Externally paced skills are movements for which an external source controls the timing e. g. batting in cricket Performance elements * The performance elements are decision making, strategic development and tactical development * The game-centred approach aims to focus on the whole game and all components Decision making Productive decision making is best achieved through observation, questioning, whole, part, whole approach, variation and creativity Strategic and tactic de velopment * Strategic understanding refers to the way we play, where we should be at a particular time and what to do * Tactical awareness is about utilising ways of gaining an advantage over an opponent * Strategic and tactical development is built on the principles of technical efficiency, understanding and skilful execution Practice methods * The learning environment is further affected by the practice methods or training systems and routines designed to teach particular skills Massed and distributed practice Distributed practice (or spaced practice) involves a broken practice session, with the intervals of rest or alternative activities being longer than the practice intervals * Distributed practice works best when the performer lacks interest, the task is difficult, motivation is low or the task causes fatigue * Massed practice involves a continuous practice session, with the rest intervals being shorter than the practice intervals * Massed practice works best when performers a re highly motivated and fresh Whole and part practice * The whole practice method is applied when a skill is practised in its entirety * The part practice method is applied when a skill is broken into smaller components and each discrete sub-skill is practised separately * Whole-part-whole practice is a combination of both methods Feedback Feedback is the information provided to the learner about the nature or result of their performance * The many types of feedback include internal, external, concurrent, delayed, knowledge of results and knowledge of performance Internal (or intrinsic) and external (or extrinsic) feedback * Internal feedback occurs as a normal consequence of performing a skill and is legitimate through the bodys proprioceptive mechanisms or senses * External feedback is all feedback other than that which occurs as a normal consequence of performing a skill * Augmented feedback, a type of external feedback, is supplementary information that is not given at the time that the skill is performed e. g. video analysis Concurrent (or continuous) and delayed feedback * Concurrent feedback is received during the performance of a skill and it is relayed throughout the body by the proprioceptive mechanism * Delayed feedback is received after the skill has been executed e. g. waiting for the result of a basketball shot Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance Knowledge of results is information about the outcome of a movement, it is always external and may come from a coach or judges for example * Knowledge of performance is information about the pattern of the movement during execution, it gives feedback on the quality of the execution of the skill assessment of skill and performance * characteristics of deft performers, e. g. kinaesthetic sense, anticipation, consistency, technique * objective and subjective performance preventions * validity and reliability of tests * personal versus prescribed judging criteria Assessment of skill and per formance Characteristics of skilled performers * The movements of the skilled performer have certain observable qualities including kinaesthetic sense, anticipation, consistency and technique Kinaesthetic sense * Kinaesthesis (or kinaesthetic sense) refers to the system of sensitivity that exists in the muscles and their attachments Anticipation Skilled performers are better able to predict what may happen in specific situations Consistency * The skilled performer is able to perform the desired movement repeatedly Technique * Technique is a procedure or practical method applied to a particular task Objective and subjective performance methods * Measurement is the process of using numeric information to assess a particular physical ability * Subjective observation refers to a judgement of performance quality based on feelings, impressions or opinions rather than a measurement system * Objectivity is the extent to which a measure or test is independent of the observer Validity and rel iability of tests Validity is the honesty of a test that is, the compass point to which it measures what it is supposed to measure * The validity of a test is enhanced by accuracy in prediction and ensuring test items contain the component being validated * Reliability refers to the degree of consistency of a test that is, the ability of the test and tester to produce the same results on successive occasions Personal versus prescribed judging criteria * Criteria refer to the standards / qualities used for judging the value of a performance * Personal criteria are the preconceived ideas or expectations that an individual brings to judge a performance * Prescribed criteria are established by a sports organisation or body and form the basis of assessment for competitions in that sport or activity * Appraisal is a judgement about the quality of something or somebody * The use of prescribed criteria seeks to absorb elements of subjectivity into a more objective framework