Pablo Neruda

Pablo Neruda was a communist poet. The Chilean won the Nobel Prize in Literature 1971. He wrote The Captain’s Verses in 1952 while he was in exile with his secret lover Matilde Urrutia on the island of Capri. The Captain’s Verses was a collection of his Love Poems that expresses Pablo’s different emotions to his love and the beautiful nature. From the book, we can see how Plabo treasured the time living with Matlide in the adorable exotic place. We can feel his passion, his pain, and his rage. His love poems were permeated with dense patriotism and his homesickness for Chile. Matilde was a singer. Her life was changed after she fell in love with Pablo, the most important person in her life. It would never be easy to stay with a communist. With her faith of love, she had gone through a lot of danger with Pablo and she was also Pablo’s good helper. They had countless sweet and unforgettable moments. Pablo was dead in soon after the military coup of Chile in 1973. They were separated forever since then. The military government treated Maltide as an influential figure in the country because she was the widow of a communist. She had a choice to leave this Chile but she decided to keep on going Pablo’s path and stay in Pablo’s home. Finally, she was able to publish Pablo’s work and write her own memoir. In her memoir, she told her legendary love with Pablo and the struggles she had faced. We can see their love on both Pablo’s poem and Maltide’s memoir. We can see their own perspective in their work. The memoir is a compliment to the poem that everything written by Pablo did happen to Maltide. She gave response and opinion to these experiences. In this essay, I’m going to analyze â€Å"The Soldier’s Love† in The Captain’s Verses from Plabo’s perspective and the view of Maltide’s memoir My Life with PABLO NERUDA. The Soldier’s Love â€Å"was written to Maltide. It is in free verse and there are ten stanzas. The tone of this poem is passionate and it sounds like Pablo is talking to Maltide directly. He used a lot of â€Å"You† to raise the momentum. â€Å"You’ll wear out your shoes/ but you’ll grow on the march/ You have to walk on thorns† (17-19) It sounds powerful and it makes Maltide become confident and dedicated. There are some words that are stressed at the end of the sentence such as â€Å" fire†, â€Å"death†, â€Å"march†, â€Å"blood†, they all stand out in the poem because they accentuate the danger of their future. The poem is well organized: From the second stanza to the fifth stanza, they are all three sentences long. From the sixth to eighth stanza, they are two sentences long. This splits the poem into two parts. The three sentences structure is talking about Maltide’s life before she met Pablo while the two sentences structure is talking about the life she is going to spend with him. The first stanza â€Å"in the midst of war life led you to be the soldier’s love† (1-2) is the introduction. Then the last stanza ends the poem with two equal sentences â€Å" Kiss me again, beloved/ Clean that gun, comrade (21-22) The whole structure of this poem looks very clear. The final stanza is strong to encourage Maltide with their faith of love and the word â€Å"beloved† and â€Å"comrade† shows Pablo’s tremendous passion. Pablo wanted to use this poem to let Maltide understand that her life had come to a turning point and also encourage her to be ready for the challenges coming up in their life. The introduction of the poem indicates that she no longer could enjoy a normal life. In the midst of war life led you to be the soldier’s love† (1-2) Pablo was the soldier fighting for the communist party. Everything would be different when she became a communist’s love. Pablo seemed disapproval of her past because he used â€Å"vagabond† to address her in the poem. He thought Maltide was political ignorant. â€Å"You didn’t know where you were going/ you were the dancing partner/ you had no Party, no country†(9-11) What she had done before was not meaningful at all. She didn’t belong to anyone and anywhere. It was time to abandon her past and fight with him from now on. Now you can’t dance any more/ with your silk dress in the ballroom/ You’ll wear out your shoes/ but you’ll grow on the march† (15-18) Although she couldn’t have the comfortable life like before and she would be suffering a lot, she would learn a different dimension of life joining the fight for the fellow people. The fight of the communist is a long march that it will be full of sufferings. â€Å" You’ll have to walk on thorns/ leaving little drops of blood† (19-20) Maltide should be prepared for any hurt or even death on the way. At last, Pablo encouraged Maltide to be dedicated to their love. Kiss me again, beloved† (21) He urged her to put the focus on their love, then they would not scare any situation coming up. Their faith of love is the best thing to console Maltide and keep her marching. Plabo thought Maltide was ready to fight with him. â€Å"Clean that gun, comrade† (22) She was not only his lover but also his â€Å"comrade†. Maltide was his counterpart who would share any problem with him and fight till the end. In Maltide’s memoir My Life With Pablo Neruda, she retold her terrible experiences that she had never encounter in her life. She had spent an agonizing night on the boat and almost swallowed by the sea. In the hotel, she was treated as a criminal in the hotel. Then she left for Naples with fourteen suitcases. She had been followed by the undercover police from city to city during her journey. Maltide was very angry to these experiences at first. Then Pablo told her about his own experience. She realized everything just happened to her had already occurred on him many times. She got to know why Plabo became a communist. â€Å"He explained how, after his terrible experiences in that civil war, he returned to Chile and kept on fighting, writing about what he had witnessed in Spain. He was already considered the biggest communist of all and figured that â€Å"if protesting and denouncing injustice means being a communist, well alright then,† and he joined the party. He was always a communist, because the suffering of others hut him too much. While he was alive, he put his pen and his life in the service of the people. † (115) After the Maltide learned the reason why Plabo being a communist. She appreciated what he was doing. She admired his passion of helping all the people. Now she could accept being a communist and understand its fight. These experiences deepened Plabo and Maltide’s love because they could know each other even more. However, Pablo’s heart was painful for dragging Maltide into his own sufferings. â€Å" Pablo laughed until he cried as I told him about the Italian police, especially since Pablo had considered me the most politically ignorant woman he ever knew. But I was his love, and from that moment forward, I would take on all that he did and face all the difficulties in his life with him. † (155) Maltide was happy to see Pablo blaming himself for not being able to protect her. They both consider each other very much. Therefore, Maltide made up her mind to dedicate herself to follow Pablo’s path and fight with him together. She didn’t care how dangerous it would be as she was so strong in her love. The poem addressed the changes of Maltide’s life and Pablo encouraged her to take the challenges with their faith of love. In the memoir, Maltide’s talked about her experiences and her own feeling. She started to learn about the adversities of being a soldier’s love. She would stay with Plabo all they way and fight with him. She would use action to respond his poem.

Earth and Its People Edition 3 Chapter 7 Outline

The Impact of the Silk Road †¢ The Silk Road at first caused many pastoral groups to form. Eventually, rich families did settleand build large establishments. †¢ The Silk Road allowed the spread of religions ( see chart above ) such as Nestorian Christianity,Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. †¢ The stirrup spread though out the Silk Road. It allowed riders to be much more stable and thuscaused military innovation. i. e. the superiority of the Tang calvary in China. The Indian Ocean Maritime System †¢The Indian Ocean Maritime System was a society of seafarers established across the IndianOcean and South China Sea. †¢ This trade system linked a network of sea trade routes from Africa to China. The main playerswere Africans, South Arabian Persian, and the  Southern Chinese people (including theIndonesians and Malays). †¢ Although much of the discoveries of new lands and waters were attributed to famous peoplesuch as Zhang Jian or Hippalus, we mus t not forget the the indigenous people of these areasalso greatly contributed to their  expansions. Origins of Contact and Trade †¢Madagascar is the world’s fourth largest island. †¢ 2000 years ago, people from one of the many Indonesian islands of Southeast Asia establishedthemselves in the mountainous land of Madagascar, 9,500 kilometers from home. †¢ These people kept much of their traditions but eventually lost most of it. [pic] The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade †¢ The precious materials wanted in  trade included ivory and minerals. †¢ Evidence of ancient copper mines has been  found in Oman in  southeastern Arabia. †¢ However, this volume of trade was  less than the amount occurring in the Mediterranean. †¢In the Indian area, the ports were small due to geographical problems such as inland monsoonwater not by the sea. †¢ E India, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia afforded more hospitable and densely populatedshores with e asier access to inland  populations. †¢ The empires that existed through out this Indus area never bothered to develop  as muchmaritime powers as the Greeks or  the Phoenocians did. †¢ The families around the coastal Indian area established bilingual and bicultural systems. Routes Across the Sahara Early Saharan Cultures †¢ The Sahara is broken only by the Nile River. †¢The trans-Saharan Caravan Routes were forced into existence due to the lack of water in manyareas. †¢ Before the Sahara became dry (pre 2500 B. C. E. ), this area was quite wet with a diverse group of  animals. †¢ Many believe that people from Mediterranean civilizations such as the Minoans, Mycenaeans, orRomans may have rode chariots into  the Saharan deserts. However, this evidence is lacking. [pic] Trade Across the Sahara †¢ Traders developed into two groups: the north and south. †¢ The North primarily focused on salt  trade. †¢ People from the souther Sahel brought forest and  agriculture goods.Sub-Saharan Africa A challenging Geography †¢ The use of rivers was limited by the many rapids in the rivers. †¢ The Southern Sahara area was limited and surrounded by many obstacles such as  the Niger,Zaire, Senegal Rivers, the Red  Sea, the Saharan Desert, etc. †¢ South of the Sahara are the steppes and savanna rain forests. These places were difficult totraverse. The Development of Cultural Unity †¢ â€Å"Anthropologists call â€Å"Great Traditions† those that typically include a written language, commonlegal and belief systems, ethical codes, and other intellectual attitudes.They loom large inwritten records as traditions that rise above the diversity of local  customs and beliefs commonlydistinguished as â€Å"small traditions. †Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ The elite culture in the sub-Saharan area turned the area into a Great Tradition area. †¢ This area is home to ~ 2000 languages. African Cultural Char acteristics †¢ African culture is shaped by the geographically different conditions of the lands. †¢ The post ice age time caused the diverse group of people to form. †¢ Although the population flourished at first, the  increase in dryness over the long period of  timecaused the diverse groups of people to  recede into specific areas.The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations †¢ Agriculture started in the 2nd millennium B. C. E. and spread southward from the area by theSahara. †¢ Archaeology has also uncovered traces of copper mining in  the Sahara from the early  firstmillennium B. C. E. †¢ Copper smelting was during 400 C. E. †¢ Iron smelting was around the 1st millennium C. E. †¢ The Africans of Bantu probably figured out  how to smelt iron by themselves. The Spread of Ideas Ideas and Material Evidence †¢ In SE Asian, pig domestication was extremely important. †¢ Coinage in Anatolia and Europe was extremely popular. A t the same time coinage in China was also very popular. The Spread of Buddhism †¢ Please See The Above Image and Your Religious Charts The Spread of Christianity †¢ Please see Religious Chart ______________________________________________________ CHAPTER OUTLINE I. The Silk Road | | | |A. Origins and Operations | | 1. The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road: (1) 150 b. c. e. –907 c. e. and (2) the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries c. e. 2. The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central Asian nomads.Regular, large-scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products (particularly horses) and by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the markets in Mesopotamia. 3. In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops a s well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones. China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk, pottery, and paper. | |B. The Impact of the Silk Road 1. Turkic nomads, who became the dominant pastoralist group in Central Asia, benefited from the trade. Their elites constructed houses, lived settled lives, and became interested in foreign religions including Christianity, Manicheanism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and (eventually) Islam. 2. Central Asian military technologies, particularly the stirrup, were exported both east and west, with significant consequences for the conduct of war. | | II.The Sasanid Empire, 224-600 CE A. Politics and Society 1. The Sasanid kingdom was established in 224 and controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia. 2. The Sasanid Empire made Zoroastrianism its official religion. The Byzantine Empire made Christianity its official religion. Both Zoroastrianism and Christianity were intolerant of other religions. 3. In the third century Mani of Mesopotamia founded a religion whose beliefs centered around the struggle between Good and Evil. Mani was killed by the Sasanid shah, but Manichaeism spread widely in Central Asia.Arabs had some awareness of these religions conflicts and knew about Christianity. III. The Indian Ocean Maritime System | | | | A. Origins of Contact and Trade | | 1.There is evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. This trade appears to have broken off as Mesopotamia turned more toward trade with East Africa. 2. Two thousand years ago, Malay sailors from Southeast Asia migrated to the islands of Madagascar. These migrants, however, did not retain communications or trade with their homeland. | | B. The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade 1. What little we know about trade in the Indian Ocean system before Islam is gleaned largely from a single first century c. . Greco-Egyptian text,  The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. This account describes a trading system that must have been well established and flourishing when the account was written. The goods traded included a wide variety of spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, and other luxury goods. The volume of trade was probably not as high as in the Mediterranean. 2. The culture of the Indian Ocean ports was often isolated from that of their hinterlands. In the western part of the Indian Ocean, trading ports did not have access to large inland populations of potential consumers.Even in those eastern Indian and Malay peninsula ports that did have access to large inland populations, the civilizations did not become oriented toward the sea. 3. Traders and sailors in the Indian Ocean system often married local women in the ports that they frequented. These women thus became mediators between cultures. | | IV. Routes Across the Sahara | |A. Early Saharan Cultures | | 1. Undateable rock paintings in the highland areas that separate the southern from the northern Sa hara indicate the existence of an early Saharan hunting culture that was later joined by cattle breeders who are portrayed as looking rather like contemporary West Africans. 2. The artwork indicates that the cattle breeders were later succeeded by horse herders who drove chariots.There is no evidence to support the earlier theory that these charioteers might have been Minoan or Mycenaean refugees. But there is also no evidence to show us either their origins or their fate. 3. The highland rock art indicates that camel riders followed the charioteers. The camel was introduced from Arabia and its introduction and domestication in the Sahara was probably related to the development of the trans-Saharan trade. Written evidence and the design of camel saddles and patterns of camel use indicate a south-to-north diffusion of camel riding. . The camel made it possible for people from the southern highlands of the Sahara to roam the desert and to establish contacts with the people of the nort hern Sahara. | | B. Trade Across the Sahara 1. Trade across the Sahara developed slowly when two local trading systems, one in the southern Sahara and one in the north, were linked. Traders in the southern Sahara had access to desert salt deposits and exported salt to the sub-Saharan regions in return for kola nuts and palm oil.Traders in the north exported agricultural products and wild animals to Italy. | | V. Sub-Saharan Africa | | A. A Challenging Geography | | 1. Sub-Saharan Africa is a large area with many different environmental zones and many geographical obstacles to movement. . Some of the significant geographical areas are the Sahel, the tropical savanna, the tropical rain forest of the lower Niger and Zaire, the savanna area south of the rain forest, steppe and desert below that, and the temperate highlands of South Africa. | | B. The Development of Cultural Unity 1. Scholars draw a distinction between the â€Å"great traditions† of ruling elite culture in a ci vilization and the many â€Å"small traditions† of the common people. . In sub-Saharan Africa no overarching â€Å"great tradition† developed. Sub-Saharan Africa is a vast territory of many â€Å"small traditions. † Historians know very little about the prehistory of these many â€Å"small traditions† and their peoples. 3. African cultures are highly diverse. The estimated two thousand spoken languages of the continent and the numerous different food production systems reflect the diversity of the African ecology and the difficulty of communication and trade between different groups.Another reason for the long dominance of â€Å"small traditions† is that no foreign power was able to conquer Africa and thus impose a unified â€Å"great tradition. † | | C. African Cultural Characteristics 1. Despite their diversity, African cultures display certain common features that attest to an underlying cultural unity that some scholars have called †Å"Africanity. † 2. One of these common cultural features is a concept of kingship in which kings are ritually isolated and oversee societies in which the people are arranged in age groups and kinship ivisions. 3. Other common features include cultivation with the hoe and digging stick, the use of rhythm in African music, and the functions of dancing and mask wearing in rituals. 4. One hypothesis offered to explain this cultural unity holds that the people of sub-Saharan Africa are descended from the people who occupied the southern Sahara during its â€Å"wet period† and migrated south the Sahel, where their cultural traditions developed. | | D. The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations 1.Sub-Saharan agriculture had its origins north of the equator and then spread southward. Iron working also began north of the equator and spread southward, reaching southern Africa by 800 c. e. 2. Linguistic evidence suggests that the spread of iron and other technology in sub-Saharan Africa was the result of a phenomenon known as the Bantu migrations. 3. The original homeland of the Bantu people was in the area on the border of modern Nigeria and Cameroon. Evidence suggests that the Bantu people spread out toward the east and the south through a series of migrations over the period of the first millennium c. . By the eight century, Bantu-speaking people had reached East Africa. | | IV. The Spread of Ideas | | A. Ideas and Material Evidence | | 1. It is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible, to trace the dissemination of ideas in preliterate societies.For example, eating pork was restricted or prohibited by religious belief in Southeast Asia, in ancient Egypt, and in eastern Iran. Because Southeast Asia was an early center of pig domestication, scholars hypothesize that the pig and the religious injunctions concerning eating the pig traveled together toward the west. This has not been proved. 2. Another difficult problem involves the invention of coins. In the Mediterranean world, the coins were invented in Anatolia and spread from there to Europe, North Africa, and India.Chinese made cast copper coins—was this inspired by the Anatolian example? There is no way of knowing. | | B. The Spread of Buddhism 1. The spread of ideas in a deliberate and organized fashion such that we can trace it is a phenomenon of the first millennium c. e. This is particularly the case with the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. 2. The spread of Buddhism was facilitated both by royal sponsorship and by the travels of ordinary pilgrims and missionaries.In India, the Mauryan king Ashoka and King Kanishka of the Kushans actively supported Buddhism. Two of the most well-known pilgrims who helped to transmit Buddhism to China were the Chinese monks Faxian and Xuanzang. Both have left reliable narrative accounts of their journeys. 3. Buddhist missionaries from India traveled to a variety of destinations: west to Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, as well as to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Tibet. 4. Buddhism was changed and further developed in the lands to which it spread.Theravada Buddhism became dominant in Sri Lanka, Mahayana in Tibet, and Chan (Zen) in East Asia. | | C. The Spread of Christianity 1. Armenia was an important entrepot for the Silk Road trade. Mediterranean states spread Christianity to Armenia in order to bring that kingdom over to its side and thus deprive Iran of control of this area. 2. The transmission of Christianity to Ethiopia was similarly linked to a Mediterranean Christian attempt to deprive Iran of trade.

Analysis of Dubai’s Economy

Analysis of Dubais Economy Dubai’s Financial Crisis: Dubai is usually characterized by sky piercing towers, rotating buildings, spectacular architectural designs, flow of petro-dollars which refers to the income coming from exporting oil and its products to other countries, broad and clean road networks, etc. It represents a face of modernization and advancement and has earned a place amongst one of the most technically advanced countries in the world. This rapid development of the country was a result of the focus of the government on tourism thus promoting the real estate sector with the help of revenues coming from export of oil and natural gas. With the largest real estate company of Dubai Emaar properties becoming bankrupt in the United States and vaDubai proposal to delay the repayment of all its debt’s for a period of 6 months on November 26, 2009 the financial crisis in Dubai was exposed in front of the world which had bad effects on countries around the world. The debts were as large as $59 billion causing a stop to the investment cycle of Dubai for 6 months. The Dubai’s real estate industry was based on huge loans which they expected to pay through the revenues they earn from them but with recession hitting the industry badly their plans failed. Thus the Dubai’s financial crisis to a large extent can be said to be a consequence of real estate bubble burst in Dubai. Dubai’s Economy: Before getting to the financial crisis it is important to know the structure of the Dubai’s economy which is one of the most unique and unusual in the world. It is divided into free zones setup by the government of Dubai. The zones are industry specific with Jebel Ali free zone being the fastest growing in the world. The Jebel Ali free zone offers a set of products and services such as: ready to use offices, Business centers, factories, Warehouses, infrastructure ready plots etc. Jebel Ali free zone commonly referred to as Jafza is a part of Dubai based; a s tate owned Economic Zones World. It is one of the world’s biggest developers of Economic Zones, Logistics and Research and development driven Industrial Parks. The main free zones of Dubai are Jebel Ali free zone, Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City, and Dubai Maritime City which are based on the industries they are related with. People have false misconception about Dubai’s economy they believe that it’s mainly driven by oil and gas although the oil sector comprises of less than 6% economy of Dubai that was primarily dependent on oil as a main source of revenue in the past. Dubai being a part of the United Arab Emirates is expected to be great producer of oil, petroleum and natural gas although it is a good producer but compared to other countries of the United Arab Emirates it produces relatively lesser quantities of oil. Dubai produces 240,000 barrels of oil per day and its revenues from natural gas constitute only 2% of the total revenue that United Arab E mirates gets from natural gas. Although it is true that Dubai’s economy was initially build on the revenues generated by its reserves of oil and natural gas but with time it’s oil reserves have reduced significantly as a result of a large increase in the demand for oil and oil products around the world and over the years and Dubai exporting a great amount of oil to other countries it is expected that Dubai’s reserves of oil will get exhausted in the next 20 years and so it has concentrated on the tourism industry to generate good revenues at that time. (Dubai hit hard)

Conflict Resolution in an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conflict Resolution in an Organization - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the main problem is that this group has somehow run out of control and other employees feel they are a nuisance. They severally were caught making fun of other employees, which has resulted in resigning of some employees. The former sales manager was a great friend of Cory and thus he did nothing even when employees complained to him about Cory’s group behavior. Cory is also a relative to one of the company’s directors and boasts that it is only his uncle who can approve his sacking. Being new in the company, Rogers sought the production manager’s opinion on the issue who told him it was wiser for him to leave the group alone since he was risking his job. However, Rogers feels that if not dealt with, this problem might cripple other workers performance. Last week he summoned Cory to his office with the aim of trying to advise him on the problems his group was causing the sales department. Cory responded rudely that members of his group were the most productive and Rogers was new in the company and knew nothing on the group. On telling the human resource manager, Rogers got another surprise when manager told him that he had no right to decide on how the company employees should behave. This paper outlines that an example of a badly resolved conflict involved Mary and Cory’s group. Mary, a former medical representative of the company lost her job when she demanded for an apology from the group. This was after Cory and his group made a call to one of Mary’s clients which the client was uncomfortable with and demanded an explanation from Mary. When Mary found out about it, she demanded an explanation from Cory. Cory denied the claims even though the call traced back to him. From that day on, Cory’s group members started making fun of anything that Mary did.  

Market strector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market strector - Essay Example very difficult due to the strong hold of the said organization this type of market existence, in which the firm has the strongest hold over the industry, is called monopoly. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). There are two types of monopolies. Natural Monopoly exists when an organization possesses a strategic control over assets or production, operations and/or distribution systems pertaining its particular product or industry. (Brakman, Heijdra, 2004). For example, an organization providing the government with the nuclear power plant energy would have a natural monopoly since it is performing a task which is highly strategic in nature. On the other hand, Coercive Monopoly refers to any other type of monopoly that has been acquired deliberately. It includes erecting barriers for potential competitors to enter into the business, acquiring patents, mergers & acquisitions with the competitors to engulf competition, etc. (Brakman, Heijdra, 2004). Firms often tend to achieve monopoly through erecting barriers for potential competitors to enter the market. These barriers may be of three types. The â€Å"economic barriers† include economies of scale (largely reducing costs through mass, full scale production), large capital requirements, technological superiority and absence of close substitute products. The â€Å"legal barriers† refer to intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc. which provide an organization with a strong edge over the competitors. Firms may also indulge in â€Å"deliberate action† including lobbying the government and concerned parties, collusion, etc. to acquire monopoly. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). The barriers like high liquidation costs that make it difficult for a firm to leave a business may also keep them from entering it enhancing the monopolistic effect of the already existing firm in the market. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). Firms may acquire patents in order to secure their monopolistic presence. They may come up with any

Impacts of Keystone Holdings, LLCs Merger with Compagnie de Saint-Gob Assignment

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International Law - Research Paper Example n written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation" (Article 2 [I] a) the convection also recognizes that any state has the power to conclude treaties. With the globalization of various operations and increased international activities and concerns, the treaties are have become indispensable and more useful than ever. Basically, states’ motivation is founded on the idea that the treaties create an international framework of laws and rules upon which the international actors, particularly the states and related agencies, may operate with efficiency and orderliness. Treaties are equivalence of international or multinational contract, in which the concerned international subjects get to merge their wills for common good. Since a treaty will be regulating a subject of interest or significance to a member state, or because they regulate a subject that affects the state interest, a member state will often have an interest in ensuring that the treaty in question is enforced. Moreover, treaties serve the role of creating international mechanisms and institutions that enforce or help enforcing the interactional law. The enforcement quality of international law has often been cited as a major weakness of international law. Through treaties, the contracting states come together to agree on how their obligations and rights, as well as those of their citizens and agencies may be enforced. A good example to this effect are The Rome Statute and the Statute of ICJ, which have facilitated creation of international judicial institutions (courts and tribunals) through which various recognized international players may enforce their rights and obligations under the international law. Apart from creating legal rights and obligations for the states that are bound by the treaties, the treaties also create a moral obligation on the states to fulfill

M5A2 - Leadership and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M5A2 - Leadership and Ethics - Essay Example Additionally, Clarke’s roles throughout his career reflect that he had a strong tendency for management rather than as a technical person. Clarke shifted from commercial and marketing positions to the head of stores which had little relevance to his previous positions. Similarly, he later moved from Supply Chain Director to IT Director. Both positions have little in common so it could be surmised that Clarke is more of a manager than a technical person who would be restricted to one field of expertise in TESCO. Moreover, it must also be related that Clarke has been moved around the world when TESCO required solutions to grave problems so Clarke can be seen as an adept manager, especially under pressure. Clarke’s role as a leader is confirmed most after talking to his subordinates. All of the people interviewed, at TESCO, viewed Clarke as an able leader such that they looked up to his example. Moreover, Clarke can be seen as a direction setter for TESCO given that TESCO has switched gears after Clarke took over as Group Chief Executive. 2. Describe the ethical model or framework used by the person to make ethical decisions—include the positives and negatives of your chosen leader's ethical model. Clarke can be seen as using a managerial grid leadership model for taking ethical decisions. The use of the managerial grid leadership model is augmented by the situational theory of leadership where the leader evaluates a situation in order to provide the decision (McKee & Carlson, 1999). The managerial grid model provides for two major constraints that the leader must consider – labour satisfaction and productivity. In addition to these major constraints, the leader may also be considering other smaller constraints such as public image, accountability, legal implications etc. The leader utilising the managerial grid model for ethical decision making tends to evaluate the provided situation in terms of the constraints in the situation (Griff in & Ebert, 2010). The primary aim of the leader is to optimise all available constraints in respect to each other such that no singular constraint overrides any other constraint. It must be kept in mind that labour satisfaction and productivity will operate as primary constraints while other constraints play secondary and tertiary roles only. This particular model of ethical decision making is restricted to Philip Clarke, Group Chief Executive for TESCO only since other managerial grid leadership models would have personalised primary, secondary and tertiary constraints being considered. The managerial grid leadership model for ethical decision making has the distinct advantage of optimising organisational aims and objectives achievement. This takes place as the ethical decision making process optimises inputs for Theory Y under which labour satisfaction is maximised in order to maximise productivity (Griffin & Ebert, 2010). Essentially, as labour satisfaction increases, the achiev ement of organisational aims and objectives becomes easier and simpler but it remains to be seen what direction organisational aims and objectives lie in. Given the nature of economic enterprises, it is common to find productivity at the top of the organisational aims and objectives list but other secondary and tertiary factors may also be available such as safety, ethical practices, corporate social responsibility etc. (Ray,

Customer Satisfaction Of Airtel & Grameenphone Essay Example for Free

Customer Satisfaction Of Airtel Grameenphone Essay 1. Introduction The introduction of the telecommunication sector has been pretty late in Bangladesh compared to that of the neighboring countries. The mobile telecommunication service has been doubling on an annual basis over the last two or three years. Now-a-days there are six mobile phone operators in the country with Grameen phone, Robi, Teletalk, Banglalink, Airtel and Citycell. They are offering different new package and offers different value added services to satisfy the customers ‘demands. Customer satisfaction is a fundamental marketing construct in the last three decades. In the past, it was unpopular and unaccepted concept because companies thought it was more important to gain new customers than retain the existing ones. However, in this present decade, companies have gained better understanding of the importance of customer satisfaction (especially service producing companies) and adopted it as a high priority operational goal. Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals. People in Bangladesh are becoming busy day by day and more professional than previous. They need to share more information to each other because demography has changed due to the era of globalization. Mobile phone has introduced a tremendous change in the communication sector in our country. It has changed the communication structure also. People in various occupations and income levels are using mobile phone intensively for their occupational purpose and personal purpose as well. 1.1 Basic information The telecom sector of Bangladesh began its journey with land phone. Then SEBA was the first company to bring cellular telephone services. The telecom sector has completely changed both in terms of coverage and efficiency of services. Cellular telephone services have achieved great commercial success. For most firms, the preeminent goal is to maximize the value of the  firm for its owners or shareholders. Increasing competition (whether for-profit or nonprofit) is forcing businesses to pay much more attention to satisfy customers. The state of satisfaction depends on a number of both psychological and physical variables, which correlate with satisfaction behaviors. For this majority of the firms is trying to be a customer-oriented, customer- focused, or even-customer driven enterprise. Airtel is one of the late movers in telecommunication sector of Bangladesh. And like all other telecom companies, it is trying hard to penetrate the market and get a hold of significant market share t hrough their valued customers. 1.2 Background information Airtel Bangladesh Ltd. is a GSM-based cellular operator in Bangladesh.Airtel is the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market, andoriginally launched commercial operations under the brand name WaridTelecom on May 10, 2007. Warid Telecom International LLC, an Abu Dhabi basedconsortium, sold a majority 70% stake in the company to Indias Bharti AirtelLimited for US$300 million. Bharti Airtel Limited took management control of thecompany and its board, and rebranded the companys services under its ownAirtel brand from December 20, 2010. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission approved the deal on Jan 4, 2010. Grameenphone widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 46.04 million subscribers (as of September 2013), Grameenphone is the largest mobile phone operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the interna tionally acclaimed microfinance organization and community development bank Grameen Bank. Telenor, the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 55.8% shares of Grameenphone, Grameen Telecom owns 34.2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Grameenphone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Go Beyond, Grameenphone promises its customers to bring the best of communication technologies so that they can Go Beyond. 1.3 Objective of the report The objective of the report is divided into two parts. They are specific and  broad objectives. The specific and broad objective of this report is given below: 1. Broad Objective: The broad objective of this report is to find out the customer satisfaction level of Airtel Grameenphone customers. 2. Specific Objectives: The specific objectives will be To find out specific areas of satisfaction of Airtel Grameenphone users To figure out specific areas of dissatisfaction of Airtel Grameenphone users To know the overall satisfaction level of the customers To figure out possible improvement sectors to reduce dissatisfaction To know the better service provider between this two companies 1.4 Literature Review Airtel is the 6th mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market and launched commercial operation on May 10, 2007. Indias bharti Airtel limited bought 70% share of Warid telecom international. This is the largest investment in Bangladesh made by an Indian company. Airtel offers both prepaid and postpaid connections with lots of diversified packages to its customers. It also offers massive value added services to its subscribers. Below is a description of timeline of Warid Telecom in Bangladesh, Bharti Airtel and its taking over Warid: In December 2005, Warid Telecom International paid US$ 50 million to obtain a GSM license from the BTRC and became the sixth mobile phone operator in Bangladesh. In a press conference on August 17, 2006, Warid announced that its network would be activated two months ahead of schedule, in October, 2006. Again in October, 2006 Warid Telecom put off the launch of its cell phone services in Bangladesh until April, 2007 after its major supplier Nokia w alked out on an agreement over a payment dispute. Warid had a soft launch at the end of January 2007. It gave away complimentary subscriptions among a selected group of individuals, whose job was to make test calls and the operator adjusted its networks quality based on their comments. On May 9, 2007, Warid in an advertisement in some daily newspaper stated that it would be launching publicly on May 10, 2007. However, no call rate or any package details were revealed. The advertisement included an announcement for the people interested to buy Warid connections to bring the documents like ID card, etc., to the  designated franchise and customer care centers. On October 1, 2007, Warid Telecom expanded its network to five more districts raising total number of districts under Warid coverage to 56, said a press release. Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Rajbari and Narail towns were covered by Warid network. On November 10, 2007, 61 districts under Warid network coverage. On June 10, 2008, Warid Telecom expanded its network to 3 more districts Bandarban, Khagrachhari and Rangamati. Now all 64 districts of Bangladesh are under Warid network coverage meaning Warid Telecom now has nationwide coverage. On December 20, 2010, Warid Telecom was rebranded to Airtel. Bharti Airtel Limited is commonly known as Airtel. It is an Indian telecommunications company that operates in 20 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. It operates a GSM network in all countries, providing 2G, 3G and 4G services depending upon the country of operation. Airtel is the third largest telecom operator in the world with over 243.336 million customers across 20 countries as of March 2012. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with over 181 million subscribers at the end of March 2012. Airtel is the third largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom. Airtel is the largest provider of mobile telephony and second largest provider of fixed telephony in India, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services. It offers its telecom services under the Airtel brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal. Bharti Airtel is the first Indian telecom service provider to achieve Cisco Gold Certification. It also acts as a carrier for national and international long distance communication services. The company has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai and Singapore. Airtel is known for being the first mobile phone company in the world to outsource all of its business operations except marketing, sales and finance. Its network—base stations, microwave links, etc.—is maintained by Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Network and Huawei, and business support is provided by IBM, and transmission towers are maintained by another company (Bharti Infratel Ltd. in India). Ericsson agreed for the first time to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid up front, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates. Bharti Airtel began its journey in Bangladesh in December 2010 when it acquired 70 percent stock  of Warid Telecom of Abu Dhabi Group. So, it can be said that Airtel Bangladesh has just completed its maiden year in the country. And within this period of time, the operator has also created a vast job opportunity in diverse segments of the organization and as of August 2013, Airtel Bangladesh has 7.97 million subscribers with 7.3% of market share. Before Grameenphone’s inception, the phone was for a selected urbanized few. The cell phone was a luxury: a flouting accessory for the select elite.The mass could not contemplate mobile telephony as being part of their lives. Grameenphone started its journey with the Village Phone program: a pioneering initiative to empower rural women of Bangl adesh. The name Grameenphone translates to â€Å"Rural phone†. Starting its operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, Grameenphone has come a long way. Grameenphone pioneered the then breakthrough initiative of mobile to mobile telephony and became the first and only operator to cover 98% of the country’s people with network The idea of providing universal mobile phone access throughout Bangladesh, including its rural areas, was originally conceived by Iqbal Quadir, who is currently the founder and director of the Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT. He was inspired by the Grameen Bank microcredit model and envisioned a business model where a cell phone can serve as a source of income. After leaving his job as an investment banker in the United States, Quadir traveled back to Bangladesh, after meeting and successfully raising money from New York based investor and philanthropist Joshua Mailman, and worked for three years gaining s upport from various organizations including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and the Norwegian telephone company, Telenor. He was finally successful in forming a consortium with Telenor and Grameen Bank to establish Grameenphone. Quadir remained a shareholder of Grameenphone until 2004. Grameenphone received a license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Grameenphone started operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day in Bangladesh. Grameenphone originally offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GP-GP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber milestone in Bangladesh. Since its inception Grameenphone has built the  largest cellular network in the country with over 8500 base stations . Presently, nearly 99 percent of the countrys population is within the coverage area of the Grameenphone network. Grameenphone has always been a pioneer in introducing new products and services in t he local telecom market. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services in March 1997. Grameenphone was also the first telecommunication operator in Bangladesh to introduce the pre-paid service in September 1999. It established the first 24-hour Call Center, introduced value-added services such as VMS, SMS, fax and data transmission services, international roaming service, WAP, SMS-based push-pull services, EDGE, personal ring back tone and many other products and services. In October 2013 the company launched 3G services commercially. The entire Grameenphone network is 3G/EDGE/GPRS enabled, allowing access to high-speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently over 7 million 3G/EDGE/GPRS users in the Grameenphone network. Today, Grameenphone is the leading and largest telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh with more than 47.64 million subscribers as of January 2014. Grameenphone has so far invested more than BDT 24,300 crore to build the network infrastructure Grameenphone is one of the largest taxpayers in the country, having contributed more than BDT 35,500 crore in direct and indirect taxes to the Government Exchequer over the years. There are now more than 1600 GP Service Desks across the country covering nearly all upazilas of all districts and 94 Grameenphone Centers in all the divisional cities Grameenphone has about 5000 full and temporary employees. 300,000 people are directly dependent on Grameenphone for their livelihood, working for the Grameenphone dealers, retailers, scratch card outlets, suppliers, vendors, contractors and others. In this report we tried to discuss the comparative analysis of Airtel 7 Grameenphone over the customers. 2. Research Method 2.1 Data sources †¢ There are two types of data sources are used to obtain the required information. 2.1.1 Primary Data †¢ Direct interview though a survey questionnaire 2.1.2 Secondary data †¢ Commercial websites of Airtel Grameenphone †¢ Online articles on telecommunication sector †¢ Previously conducted research papers on different issues of telecommunication Company‟s magazines, brochures, etc. 2.2. Method of collecting data 2.2.1 Selecting Sample The population of this study are customers of Airtel Bangladesh Grameenphone and we took interview 120 person of different age group in our study. We targeted different people from different age group. The target population were divided among following age groups- 18-30 years 60 30-50 years 30 50-70 years 20 70- above years – 10 2.2.2 Procedure of data collection After determining the target population and sampling frame we were looking forward to conduct the survey for collecting the information. As our extent of the target population was preplanned and structured, therefore, we did not have any trouble to collect the information from the fieldwork. Whenever we found a student who was sitting idle or gossiping with their friends we went to them, cordially introduced ourselves and asked them whether they were using airtel or GP. After receiving a positive response, we provided a questionnaire form and asked them to participate in the survey. Fortunately, no one denied participating in the survey because it did not take more than four minutes to finish. Moreover, every respondent was looking enthusiastic in taking part and some of them were very cooperative and supportive. They also assisted us to find out active airtel GP users. By this way, we collected data from 100 respondents. Rest 20 set of questionnaires were given to my friends and th e neighbors who were the Airtel or GP users. 2.2.3 Method of analyzing data After completing the research survey, we started the data preparation for the project. As soon as we received the questionnaires from the field I kept all the information in Microsoft Excel program. Since, this is a descriptive  research and the data analysis should be done quantitatively. For this reason, we used MS Excel software because we have enough insights of using this program. In the beginning portion of the questionnaire, there were some general questions to aware of the some information about the respondents, for instances, gender, age, duration of the network age and some direct question related to their usage pattern. This information is analyzed collectively rather than individually. Here, no statistical tools have been used. The next section of the questionnaire contains 13 statements. Each of the statements has been arranged in such a way which is directly related to the customer satisfaction factors. 2.3 Limitations of the study The survey is subjected to the bias and prejudices of the respondents. Hence 100% accuracy can’t be assured. The researcher was carried out in a short span of time, where in the researcher could not widen the study. The study could not be generalized due to the fact that researcher adapted personal interview method. It is so difficult to survey questionnaire among target samples. 3. Result Discussions: Findings 3.1. Findings on respondents’ analysis The general analysis of the 120 samples is presented in this section. The main objective of the respondents‟ analysis is to get the overview about respondents. Here, respondent‟s gender, age limit, duration of their network, and usage pattern, etc. have been discussed briefly. There is no statistical tool used to analysis the respondent’s overview because this information will not affect directly to the customer satisfaction factors. For collecting data from the field, the research survey has been conducted among 80 male and 40 female users of airtel GP users. Thus, the ratio of male user is 60% and the ratio of female user is 40%. We have conducted the research on 18-30 years 60 30-50 years 30 50-70 years 20 70- above years 10 From this scenario, it can be said that most of the airtel is more polular in  urban areas in young generation. There were also two direct questions asked to the respondents to know the reason of using Airtel and to know which of the value added services are used by the respondents. Research findings show that 40% of the respondents use airtel only for the lower cost. 20% of the respondents use airtel for the highest FnF benefits. 10% of the respondents said they are using airtel for low on-net tariffs. 30% of the respondents use GP for network, voice quality and for the brand image. 3.2 Findings on questionnaire analysis 1. How many sim do you use? Most of the respondents use 1 sim. Rest others use 2 sims for various purposes. 2. Which company’s sim you are using now? Most of the respondents use Airtel. Those who use 2 sims, they have Grameenphone, teletalk, Robi Banglalink sim. 3. What is the reason behind of your choice? Most of the Airtel users use Airtel for the lower call rate. Grameenphone users use it for better network service. 4. Who is following better business strategy? Most of the Airtel users think Airtel is following better business strategy at this moment to attract new young generation. Grameenphone users think GP should obtain more attractive business strategy to retain the existing customers as well as draw interest to new customers. 5. Who provides more facility for their customers? In this question, most of them think Grameenphone is providing more facilities to its customers. With their network, service customer care outlet around the country Grameenphone is far better than Airtel. 6. Who is more responsible for social welfare?  Most of the respondents expressed that being the most popular largest telecom company, Grameenphone is contributing more for social welfare of Bangladesh. 7. Call Rate  Most of the respondents are satisfied with the call rate of Airtel. Few of them think it is moderate. On the other hand, most of the respondents think call rate of Grameenphone is highly expensive. They are dissatisfied with this. 8. Service.  In service issue, most of the respondents feel moderate with the Airtel service but Grameenphone have many satisfied clients in this regard. 9. Network.  In network issue, Airtel has dissatisfied customers. The respondents are not satisfied at all with the striggling network of Airtel. On the other hand Grameenphone is reigning the telecom scenario with their operative network. 10. Bonus Offer.  The respondents are satisfied with the endless bonus offers of Airtel. Most of them are agreed with that. Contrariwise Grameenphone’s bonus offers are not so much satisfactory to its clients. 11. Bundle Offer.  Most of the respondents are satisfied with the bundle offers of Airtel. A small number of them are moderate with that. Inversely the bundle offers of Grameenphone are dissatisfactory to its clients. 12. Which company’s sim you will suggest for using to your friends? 60% of the respondents told that they will suggest Airtel sim to their friends. Rest of them stated that they will recommend Grameenphone to their friends. 3.3 Best According to Customers 3.4 Reasons of the First Choice: Grameenphone 3.5 Reasons of the First Choice: Airtel 3.6 Competitive Advantage of Grameenphone Airtel 3.7 Customers Recommendations In the respondent‟s opinion and suggestion section, 12 respondents did not put any opinion. However, rest 108 of the respondents shared their valuable opinion regarding Airtel Grameenphone services and those are given below accordingly: Most of the respondents suggested Airtel to upgrade its network coverage as soon as possible. The also suggested Grameenphone to reduce the  call rate. Some respondents also suggested to: Stop sending unwanted SMS Reduce VAS tariffs Increase the validity for bonus talk time Offer attractive handset bundle package

The Symbolism Of The Journey

The Symbolism Of The Journey The symbolisms in the poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost and the short story I Used to Live Here Once by Jean Rhys have a similar contextual moral aspect. Each piece of literature represents a journey that is taken by the character. The contrasts of the two literary works are the theme and tone of the works. The comparison of both works utilize the third person point of view. The third person view variation in The Road Not Taken is the utilization of the objective point of view. According to Clugston, 2010, The third person technique is used in both the poem The Road not Taken and the short story I Used to Live Here Once; which is successful in allowing the reader to comprehend, empathize and visualize every aspect of the journey and how it was dealt with it. (Kindle Locations 2423-2439) According to Clugston, 2010, these literary works utilize An external narrator who takes a detached approach to the action and characters, usually to create a dramatic effect, and does not enter into their minds is using an objective point of view. (Kindle Locations 2437-2439) The allegory and motif aspects of symbolism used in both; I Used to Live Here Once, and The Road Not Taken provide insight in to the characters present and past life. Another symbolism in the story I Used to Live Here Once, is the after death implication. This story implies the character has moved from life to death. It explores what the deceased is feeling and what they are experiencing after death. Another difference between the poem and the short story is the author Jean Rhys writes with a somber tone, reflecting on death and the afterlife. The depiction of the characters stance reveals the somberness of her spirit. Her arms fell to her sides as she watched them running across the grass to the house. That was the first time she knew. (Kindle Locations 3792-3795) This is also the moment she realizes she has crossed over. While the poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost represents life and its choices to pattern or construct your life by or after. Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. (Kindle Locations 783-784) The comparative literary works use metaphoric symbolism throughout the content. The use of these metaphors is very simplistic. According to Aragno, 2009, The classical view of metaphor (since Aristotle) as a product of languageà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢the device of dramaturges and fruit of the poetic imaginationà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢has given way to a modern understanding of metaphor as the way we initially process and articulate new concepts. (p. 1) In the comparative literature the metaphoric symbolism is represented differently. In the poem by Frost, the metaphor is characterized by trees and roads. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. (Kindle Locations 778-780) The allegory concept is displayed through the entire poem, which is a representation of the moral aspect of choices and decisions that are a factor of life. The poem infers two stages of life, younger and older. Frost uses basic allegory references to emphasize his point and view. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. (Kindle Locations 791-793) According to George, 1991 Readers of The Road Not Taken have been warned by Frost himself against casual readings; he stated that the poem is very tricky and that its subtle mockery contains a hit. (p. 230) This allegory reference in the poem allows the reader to reminiscence on personal choices that were made during similar periods and phases in life. Likewise in the short story I Used to Live Here Once also, allows the reader to envision dà ©jà   vu experiences encountered during life. Pursuant to George, 1991, the literary speaker of this poem refers to an older version of self whom he attacks. In many ways the speaker older and younger selves are alike. (p. 230) This motif is similar to the short story motif where the speaker refers to life and death. Each speaker is referring to a journey in life that must be taken, whether wanted or not. Both literary works use a subliminal symbolism that resonates within the reader. These literary works both implement a metaphoric and persona allusion of the author. Pursuant to Wolfe, 1977, In the short story I Used to Live Here Once, Rhys returns in spirit to the Caribbean home she had revisited materially in the third story of the book, The Bishops Feast, a description of her first homecoming, as a middle-aged woman, in twenty-five years. This is symbolic of the border she has just crossed, and looking at the local landmarks. (p 300) The persona technique utilized all through the poem and short story allows the reader to postulate appearances of the character from the narrative theme. According to Newman, 2009, fictional characters are fully embedded in their discrete fictional contexts, their intelligibility is enlarged by the application of framing principles their study shares with our understanding of real human beings. Newman further claims that fictional characters, in addition to benefiting cognitively from the projection of actual-world structures onto them, contribute to our understanding of actual-world configurations by returning the projection back to their real-world prototypes. (p. 73) This concept thereby provides credence to many readers conceptualizing the characters association to the authors. Each literary work bears some resemblance in a stage of the authors life cycle. There is a comparative commonality of the recurring motif of various depictions of familiar and unfamiliar articles in both literary works. According to Aragno, 2009, After Goethe, he showed that scientific, as well as literary, acuity may express itself through poetic imagery: the mark of this vital, spirited envisionment is that it results from the fine-tuned, creative observers efforts to concretize and convey new patterns of understanding. (p. 31) This continual use of symbolism allows the reader to conceptualize different aspects of life. By continually viewing different aspects the reader obtains varied clarifications of the poem. According to Gibbs, 2011, Allegory is a cognitive action in which people apply a metaphoric mode of understanding to situations and discourse that typically does not contain metaphoric language per se. My claim is that allegoresis is not a specialized mode of interpretation, but a fundamental human impulse to draw diverse connections between concrete and more abstract experience. (p. 121) This theory in essence would account for readers interpretation of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken as a depiction of only one phase of lifes regrets. When in actuality the poem is reflective of lifes entire journey; it is like looking into a mirror at whats behind you. Viewing this same principle with Jean Rhyss I Used to Live Here Once, readers must rely only on the abstract experience to conclude the characters death. This complementary use of the allegory theme allows the writer to draw the reader in for exploration of the poem or storys contextual and conceptual meaning. One comparative stance for these literary works is the use of an inexplicit empathy response from the reader. In The Road Not Taken the readers empathy is piqued by the text, I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: (Kindle Locations 791-792) This section is inferring regret for choices made during an earlier stage of life, which invokes empathy and thoughts of broken dreams. In the short story I Used to Live Here Once, the readers empathy is vexed with the verse Her arms fell to her sides as she watched them running across the grass to the house. That was the first time she knew. (Kindle Locations 3792-3795) This last stanza of the story leaves the reader empathizing with the characters realization of looking from the eyes of death. According to Coplan, 2004, Several recent empirical studies indicate that readers tend to adopt a position within the spatiotemporal framework of narratives that is based on the position of the protagonist. (p. 141) In addition, Coplan, 2004, also states Empathy integrates cognitive and affective processes, creating a complex and dynamic psychological experience that draws on different capacities we have for connecting and responding to the world and those in it. The cognitive component of empathy involves using the imagination to undergo a shift from ones own cognitive perspective to the cognitive perspective of the target individual. (p. 143-144) This natural psychological perspective trait allows the readers to identify and empathize with the narrative characters in both literary works. By empathizing in their imagination readers can experience the characters pain, emotions, and perspectives. This allows for the readers visual association without actual physical association. This is evident in The Road Not Taken in which it states, Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. (Kindle Locations 778-780) This invokes the readers visual imagination of looking down a road or street. In the poem I Used to Live Here Once, the following excerpt allows the reader to envision the characters excitement of being home. The road was much wider than it used to be but the work had been done carelessly. The felled trees had not been cleared away and the bushes looked trampled. Yet it was the same road and she walked along feeling extraordinarily happy. (Kindle Locations 3759-3761) The metaphoric, allegory and symbolic theme of the poem and short story assists readers in their cognitive and figurative visualization of the characters, their emotions, surroundings and the subliminal tone of the work. According to Gibbs, 2011, he states My aim in this article is to explore some of the ways that everyday language reflects the allegorical impulse, as a general mode of understanding, and to offer some empirical evidence from psycholinguistics that suggests peoples unreflective abilities to draw allegorical connections. (p. 122) In many respects each literary selection provides its own moral conceptualization for the reader to internalize and reflect upon their own lifes experience. New concepts and perceptions are realized as the text is reviewed by the reader. Pursuant to Gibbs, 2011, One of the reasons poetry offers us meaningful insights about our lives is because they, too often allude to enduring allegorical themes. (p. 123) In conclusion, whether it is poetry or short story, a readers perception will determine how the literature is perceived. The comparative view of the poem The Road Not Taken and the short story I Used to Live Here Once, offers similar themes, motifs and symbolisms with a basic moral aspect to lifes journey. The literary works portrayed the facets of the difficult journey of life and the realization of the journey after life.

The New Blue :: essays research papers

About IBM: The Big Blue IBM's history dates back decades before the development of electronic computers – Big Blue was officially born in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a conglomeration of other companies that started in the 1880s. Since then, the company has been instrumental in the development of mainframes, calculators, personal computers, networking, software, and several scientific breakthroughs. Four IBM researchers have won Nobel prizes. In 1990, IBM had its most profitable year ever. By 1993, the computer industry had changed so rapidly the company was on its way to losing $16 billion and IBM was on a watch list for extinction – victimized by its own lumbering size, an insular corporate culture, and the PC era IBM had itself helped invent. Since that time, IBM has made major changes in its business activities, shifting its focus significantly away from components and hardware and towards software and services. In 1993, Lou Gerstner was brought in to run IBM. He moved the company's focus to services, and re-established IBM as the biggest computer consulting and services company in the world. However, nearly after a decade, Big Blue was still losing money on PCs, a market it helped launch. Gerstner was succeeded by Samuel J. Palmisano in 2002. The New Blue under the Leadership of Palmisano The style of Sam Palmisano may be understated compared to his predecessor, Louis Gerstner. But the strategy moves the 52 year old has made since he became the chairman and chief executive of IBM less than two years ago have been bold, even risky. If successful, his strategy promises to redefine not only IBM, but also what it means to be a computer company. IBM is no longer content to be merely a supplier of hardware and software, and seeks to become more a side-by-side partner with businesses - helping them improve their marketing, planning, procurement and customer service. The aim is to create a very deep connection between IBM and its customers, and at that level it is a very powerful strategy. But it's making IBM more like a service business with technology thrown in than a technology business. To pursue this strategy, Palmisano needed to add expertise in business consulting and software. In 2002 the largest purchases came when he acquired PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting for $3.5 billion and Rational Software for $2.1 billion. More fundamental changes have come in 2003, and some are just now falling into place.

Fixing the American Justice System Essay -- Criminal Justice Crime

Fixing American Justice In Lynn, a car pins a woman against a wall. The driver is charged with driving drunk for the third time. In Quincy, a pregnant mother is rushed to a hospital and her baby delivered by an emergency operation. Police say she was hit by a man already convicted of drunk driving four times. In Springfield a fifteen year old girl is crushed by a man who has been convicted of drunk driving almost a dozen times and has even served a prison term for it. She will never walk with her own legs again. This is only a small part of the small state of Massachusetts in our large country And sadly this is not just with drunk driving. Within less then 3 years, 5% of all convicted and released rapists will carry out another rape. Within the next 3 years 2% of all convicted murders will achieve another murder. The 272,111 offenders discharged in 1994 had accumulated 744,000 charges within 3 years of release. Criminals everywhere are stepping up as they find loopholes in our American justice system. Cali fornia has even instated a state wide repeat offender program. Why is the r...

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf The poem Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney, is largely based around the monstrousness of Grendel and his mother. It was a difficult task for Heaney to translate the poem into Modern English while maintaining the beauty of the language and capturing the horror of the monsters. He utilises devices such as structure, literary devices and characterisation to emphasise the fear apparent in the text. Though Heaney’s writing is effective, it is impossible to use the incidents in the poem that relate to events which took place centuries ago to instil fear into the story. Though many of the issues in Beowulf are no longer relevant, Heaney is still able to capture the monstrousness of Grendel and his mother. The poem Beowulf was composed some time around the mid Seventh Century in Anglo-Saxon English. It is over three thousand lines long and stands as one of the foundation works of poetry in English. It is an imaginative work where the structuring is as important as the language. Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf was labour intensive, slow work. He tried to pick a way through the syntax, get the run of the meaning establishes and then hope that the lines could be turned into metrical shape and raised to the power of verse. Seamus Heaney began his translation of Beowulf in the mid 1980s and it took him until 1999 to finish capturing the beauty of the poem in Modern English. The structure of Beowulf is first involved in capturing the monstrousness of Grendel by stating his ancestry and background: â€Å"Grendel was the name of this grim demon haunting the marches, marauding round the heath and the desolate fens; he had dwelt for a time in misery among the banished monsters, Cain’s clan, whom the creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts.† (Lines 102-107) After Grendel’s first attack the poet allows a large amount of time to pass to give the reader a sense of despair and to emphasise the impact that Grendel had on Hrothgar’s people: â€Å"For twelve winters, seasons of woe, the lord of the shieldings suffered under his load of sorrow; and so, before long, the news was known over the whole world.† (Lines 147- 150) The poet builds up the monstrousness of Grendel’s attacks by recounting them so that the reader absorbs the force of the battle. He also repeats the pattern of Beowulf’s victory ie.

I wish I could say I was proud of my generation, but lets face it: the media aren’t far wrong

The common perception of teenagers today is soiled by images of alcohol, drugs, hoodies, crime, disobedience, violence and unintelligence. Most teenagers would counter this with outrage and blame these demeaning interpretations on a small minority and stereotyping in the media; but I am here to say that we bring it upon ourselves to have such a reputation. I wish I could say I was proud of my generation, but let's face it: the media aren't far wrong. Having been amongst it for many years now, I can safely say that we are a generation of deadbeat, attention seeking, conformist, moaners. Thriving from a lack of discipline, we spend our days free of any common manner: loitering around in a constant sulk, yawning without covering our mouths, wearing caps indoors as if it's perfectly acceptable. A rare occasion: when â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† is used in an exchange, when a smile is seen to disprove any hostility, or when vocal responses outside of a pathetic mumble are explored. That'll be the day. These are all rules which would appear obvious to the older generation, however in my generation, they are disregarded and branded as old-fashioned. â€Å"Who needs standards anyway? Get with the times, I'm not hurting anyone!† we plea, as an excuse to act like slobs and walk around in vests eating pasties in the streets before throwing the wrapping on the floor and wiping our hands on our thighs. Not only is there a decline in manner, but there is a decline in language. It pains me to watch the Americanisation of British English slowly materialise, and this is more prominent than ever amongst teenagers. Every sentence is littered with the word â€Å"like†, and words such as â€Å"whatever† and â€Å"dunno† are common responses. Swearing and slang is used to show some sort of rebellion against manner or social inclusion amongst friends†¦ or should I say â€Å"mates†. And now – with the increased reliance on mobile phones – text speak is diseasing the English language with its pointless abbreviations. TBH, IDK what's wrong with speaking properly. Another embarrassing element of teenage culture is the underage consumption of alcohol, which is now a growing problem amongst teenagers. Flashback 20 years ago and teenagers would be lucky to have a sip of eggnog during Christmas; now, we're out â€Å"on the lash† almost every weekend. Going out with the general motive of â€Å"having a laugh†, stumbling past careless doormen into dingy clubs, awkwardly mingling with people twice their age, and eventually passing out at 4AM without any care or dignity about them and a little nudge towards liver disease. But why is there the need to drink underage? The fact is that as teenagers, we are resistant to accept our adolescence, we all strive for maturity, all we want is to fit in with the grown-ups. We try and convert our undeveloped minds to fit that of an adult's by indulging in such substances as coffee, alcohol and maybe (for the extra-mature kids) drugs. We buy lottery tickets the second we turn 16, learn to drive the second we turn 17, and get plastered the second we turn 18. Oh, how mature. While the teenagers race towards maturity, the parents try their hands at being young and hip just once, and are slated beyond belief. We speedily climb the ladder of maturity, whilst our parents wait at the top fuelling us with food, money and too much damn freedom. Aside from acting mature, teenagers have other means of flaunting their independence, such as fashion. A teenager's sense of fashion is something which often confuses the older generation, and no wonder. Teenagers are now walking around with gaping holes in their ear lobes, absurd hair colours and pieces of metal skewered through their face, it's like we've regressed to the days of the freak show. The reason for this is that we see fashion as a way of self-expression, it's a contest to see who can have the most unique look, and this often leads to a rather outlandish outcome. However, this is no excuse for wearing sunglasses and caps indoors or girls caking their faces in make-up and wearing revealing outfits. The current state of fashion is a gargantuan mess: people trying to stand out and people trying to fit in with those who stand out; that is the general idea. And the result: a cacophony of cries for attention. Something that is corresponding amidst most teenagers is the constant need to complain, it's almost as if we enjoy it. Even if we were living the perfect life, we'd probably whine about how it's â€Å"too perfect†. Facebook is used as a platform for voicing such dire grievances as â€Å"EASTENDERS CANSELLD 4 THA FOOTIE! OMG!† or â€Å"ME MAM BURNT ME CHIKEN NUGETS!† – freedom of speech at its best. Money is an aspect which often spurs complaints: we complain about our lack of money, so we get a job and complain about how bad that is, then we earn money and spend it on trivial things. Then the cycle repeats, over and over and over. Maybe there's nothing wrong with us complaining, I mean, it's not like there are people worse off or anything. It's not easy wielding such a pretentious outlook at my age, it's a constant struggle, withstanding the strain of influence inflicted by fellow teenagers. Alas, few are those who choose a country walk over a pub crawl, Tchaikovsky over Tupac, broadsheets over booze. â€Å"Stuff the rules, we just wanna have fun!† Will a game of chess and some homemade shortbread entice you? Thought not.

Judicial Method: Activism vs Formalism

‘Judicial Method: activism versus formalism’ A new era has emerged from the societal and legal changes that have occurred in Australia. The age of Judicial activism has taken over the more traditional method of judicial formalism. Supporters of the latter’s concerns that it promotes power without responsibility, and blurs the separation of powers, however the supporters of the former agree that inevitable changes in society force the judiciary to acknowledge that judicial formalism is a method that is not completely obsolete, but takes is less of a primary concern as it were, compared to other factors that effect a case. Those who are in favour of judicial activism argue that social change has increased the need for legal change and judges need to be able to make decisions considering external factors and using processes other than the law that make judicial method more subjective, adhering to legislation and legal policy but giving more significant acknowledgement to situational factors. The Honourable Michael Kirby’s pro-activism article centers around the view that judicial method must divert from the traditional method of legalism that Justice Kirby defines as â€Å"strict logic and high technique†. It starts by outlining the need for the judiciary to make this transition into judicial activism due to societal changes, where strict legalism is put under pressure. Justice Kirby then goes on to explain that the method of judicial activism should not be abused by the judges, where it should â€Å"be anchored in legal authority† and be â€Å"neither wholly mechanical or excessively creative†. He describes that â€Å"restraint† be used when using judicial activism to ensure that a total ignorance of the written law does not occur . A similar article about pro-activism by Michael Coper agrees that the â€Å"phenomenon of social change†¦. has accelerated the rate of legal change† and put a â€Å"pressure on concepts like ‘strict logic and high technique ’, thus supporting the viewpoint that judicial activism is a reaction to social change. Another article by Frank Carrigan praises Justice Kirby’s use of judicial activism directly, outlining this by comparing Justice Kirby’s methods with Gava, a strong believer in the Dixonian theory of legalism. It explains that even Chief Justice Dixon J, considered to be a leader in the legal formalism movement, used contradictory methods of judgment, promoting legalism but applying judicial activism . This is evidence that change to judicial activism is inevitable as societal changes occur. Pertaining to the other articles, however, there are some shortfalls in Justice Kirby’s article that must be addressed. Firstly, the article does outline that certain â€Å"restraint† must be used when applying judicial activism in the process for a judgment. However, exactly how this restraint will be measured, or the factors to be considered in which a judge’s judicial method is considered to cross these boundaries are not mentioned in his article. He also fails to describe the consequences of the divergence of judicial formalism, that a failure of the independent judges to keep external factors other than the legal text as impartial dynamics rather than personal ones would result in a cataclysmic failure to achieve justice. A loss in consistency would result in a loss in public confidence in the judicial system. Also, Justice Kirby’s proposal of a more transparent judgment, where the judicial method and processes used to achieve a judgment is open to the general public for critique, may be a technique in which to make sure that a judge does not overstep the restraints, but by openly presenting the judicial method and decision process of a controversial judgment for critique to a society that is already critical of the judicial system may backfire and result in a further loss of public confidence instead of building credibility. Contrasting against Justice Kirby’s heavily biased pro-activism article, is Justice Heydon’s article that describes the absolute need for adherence and paramount importance to the impartial application of the legal text. Justice Heydon’s article clearly outlines what Justice Kirby’s article does not, the downfalls of having a judiciary use judicial activism. Justice Heydon points out that by allowing judges to use judicial activism, it â€Å"tends to the destruction of the rule of law† by impairing two qualities that are expected of a judge, a â€Å"firm grip on the applicable law [and]†¦total probity. The article continues to state that there is a blurring of the separation of powers, and this becomes a problem as the facility for a legislature to make laws compared to that of a judge results in concerns about the clarity, inconsistency, decisiveness and retrospectivity of the laws that are changed or made by the judiciary. Justice Heydon pro poses that it is not primarily the function of the judiciary to create and change laws, that it should be a limited amount, limited to the legislature, and that the failure to adhere to judicial formalism or legalism would result in failures in various areas of the application of law . John Gava’s article adds to the need for strict legalism, by indicating that human error in judges can create issues in consistency, and that with a â€Å"state of mind† the is of legalism, a more â€Å"institutional mindset† can be achieved that relies more on a collective wisdom which create decision that conform, rather than those that are more individualized when judicial activism is applied . Owen Dixon’s article further outlines a deeper issue at hand with the abandonment of judicial formalism, the loss of the ability to develop legal principle. It states that there was a â€Å"attempt to develop the law as a science† which would not be possible by neglecting the very â€Å"strict logic and high technique† that is constantly used to describe legalism . As with any legalistic paradigm or state of mind, it is inherent that there will be a pro to a con, an advantage to a disadvantage. According to these articles it is clear that the more common emergence of activism is due mainly to societal change, and the resurrection of formalism has occurred due to concern for the drawbacks that takes place with activism, and rightly so. The former three pro-activism articles and the latter three pro-legalism/formalism articles compliment each other in revealing the advantages and flaws of both judicial methods. After the analyses of these articles, it is apparent that an appropriate balance between the two judicial methods be maintained, always changing, according to the change in Australia’s society. Bibliography Justice j D Heydon, Judicial activism and the death of the rule of law, (2003), 23 Aust Bar Rev 110 John Gava, ANOTHER BLAST FROM THE PAST OR WHY THE LEFT SHOULD EMBRACE STRICT LEGALISM: A REPLY TO FRANK CARRIGAN, (2003) 27 Melb U. L. Rev. 188 The Right Honourable Sir Owen Dixon, G. C. M. G, Concerning Judicial Method, (1956) 29 The Australian Law Journal 469

Depression

INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE DEPRESSION JIMENA VILLEGAS SPC1017 INTRODUCTION Hook: How many of you are going through depression? Or do you have friends and/or family members who are going through depression? Thesis Statement: Today I will talk about depression. I will talk about the background, the causes of this disease, the symptoms and finally, the treatment and prevention of depression. BODY I. Background A. What is depression? 1. According to Dr. Jane Doe from www. health. yahoo. com, â€Å"Depression is a mood disorder that makes you feel sad or hopeless for a period of time†.Dr John Doe states in his article, The People Who Suffer from Depression that â€Å"Depression can have a significant impact on the enjoyment of your life, your work, your health and to the people who care about you†. Depression affects people differently. Some people feel down for a period of time and others feelings come and go. If you have short term depression you are still able to work and take care of daily activities. But if you have a long period of depression and don’t seek any kind of treatment; you are more at risk of becoming even more depressed or becoming physically ill. B.How many people are affected by depression? 1. According to the health professionals at, www. nmha. org. com â€Å"Depression has affected more than 19 million American adults each year. And yet, the non-reported sufferers of depression cannot be estimated. Depressive illness often interferes with normal functions of every day life, as well as, causing physical pain for those who suffer from depression. Serious depression can destroy family’s lives as well as the person affected. A lot of people, who are depressed, do not seek help or treatment†. II. Causes of depressionA. According to www. psychlogyinfo. com, depression is often caused by a stressful life event, illnesses, or certain drugs or medication. B. Depression can be caused by a serious loss, relationship prob lems, and work stress, family crisis, financial problems, or any unwelcome life change. III. Symptoms A. Depression is more than just the normal, temporary felling of sadness and hopelessness. It has other factors that your health care professional can help you with. B. Dr Jane Doe claims â€Å"Depression has other symptoms†. Her article on www. harvardmedical. com, provides many examples of symptoms.Here are a few from her list: a. Depressive mood. b. Not enjoying the daily activities in your life. c. Problems concentrating. d. Poor memory. e. Having trouble making decisions. f. Changes in eating habits. g. Weight gain or weight loss. h. Changes in eating habits. i. Difficulty going to work or taking care of daily responsibilities. j. Slow thoughts and speech. k. Feeling guilt and hopelessness. Wondering if life is worth living. l. Thoughts of death and suicide. IV. Treatment/Prevention A. Depression is usually treated successfully with professional counseling and/or prescri bed medication.People with depression can be treated as outpatients or in some cases a person has to be hospitalized. B. According to www. health. org. com, here are some ways to prevent you from becoming depressed. a. Try to be with other people. It’s better than being alone. b. Participate in activities that may make you feel better. c. Mild exercise. d. Going to a movie, a ballgame, or participating in religious, social, or other activities that may help. e. Most importantly let your family and friends help. CONCLUSION Today I’ve talked about depression. I’ve given you the background, causes, symptoms, and treatment options available for depression.According to the American Psychiatric Association, at least 3 in 10 people will become depressed in their lifetime. That means at least 30% of you could suffer from depression. Even though depression is a very stressful and serious disease, we should always protect ourselves from getting it. Always ask your family and friends for help. They can be the most helpful people in your life. Get treatment as soon as you can. Remember your loved ones are there for you. Don’t hesitate. Depression is a very dangerous disease that can affect your loved ones, and especially Depression Depression is not only a state of being sad, it is a disease that conquers the ability to feel emotion, whether good or bad, whatsoever. Depression not only involves the mind, it also involves the body and thoughts. Depression is not a disease that only influences males or children of the age three to eleven. Every human being is prone to depression. Although women are three times more likely to become depressed than men, men are five times more likely to commit suicide when depressed than women.Although all age groups are open to depression, teenagers are the most common to be heard of being affected by the disease. This is probably because of peer pressure and the changes in their life. One great risk for becoming depressed is if you smoke. Some scientists hold to believe that smoking may be linked to Depression. Tobacco smoke kills off an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down a nerve cell chemical that activates pleasure seeking behavior. Most experts believe a combination of family history (your genes) and stressful life events may cause depression.Genes: people whose family members have had depression are more likely to go through a depression period. Life events are a major cause of depression for example the lost of a loved one, had a baby (depression after birth), recently divorced, constant stress, substance abuse, or any other life changing event. How do you know if you are going through a depression? Well here are some symptoms: Sadness and loss of satisfaction in things once enjoyed are probably the most known symptoms. But some symptoms are sometimes overlooked. Guilt is one symptom that coincides with depression immensely.When feelings of guilt are put on a person they lose what hope they once had. They blame themselves for things that they are not accountable for and have extreme feelings of hopelessness. Other symptoms overlooked are insomnia and loss of appetite. Not getting enough sleep may be linked to stress and guilt. Feeling hopeles s, worthless or guilty. Losing energy or feeling tired all the time. Having problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions and one of the most important symptom is thinking about death or hurting one self.Depressed individuals have shorter life expectancies  than those without depression, in part because of greater susceptibility to  medical  illnesses and suicide. There are three different types of depression. Major Depression is the most severe case of depression that there is. The symptoms for Major Depression are just like any other type of depression. To be Majorly Depressed you do not have to have been hospitalized or medicated. Lots of people get depression confused with extreme sadness. Depression is not a term just to be thrown around; it is a evere state of being. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the patient's self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a  mental status examination. Typically, patients a re treated with  antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive  psychotherapy  or counseling, although the effectiveness of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable. Dysthymic Depression is a low level of depression that lasts up to at least two years and in most cases longer.When one is diagnosed with Dysthymic Depression they are very resistant to treatment. Although Dysthymic Depression is not as severe as Major depression it is still very important. Dysthymics will usually undergo a Major Depression episode sometime during their dysthymic period. Bipolar Depression, also known as, Manic Depression, is yet another type of Depression. This type has very different symptoms than that of Major Depression or Dysthymia. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder are having both very high and very low mood swings.When one has Manic Depression one day they could be extremely happy and the next in a very severe depressive mood. This change in mood can happen over hou rs or over a period of time. Sometimes depression can be avoided all together. Having a good home life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups.Avoiding extreme â€Å"stressers,† like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Offer goodwill to others, learn to detach from thoughts, keep busy, avoid feelings of guilt, live a balanced life, don’t base your happiness solely on other people, have low expectations, don’t dwell on the negative, exercise, get a regular sleep schedule, have healthy meals, and a very important one is to talk to a rofessional like a counselor or psychologist. [pic] Facts †¢ Almost 10 percent of Americans have depression in a given year. †¢ Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U. S. for people ages 15 to 44. †¢ Depression is one of the most common and treatable mental health disorders. †¢ Major depression can occur in children, teens, and adults. †¢ Most patients who have depression can be effectively treated, and they can return to their normal activities and feelings. †¢ Depression distorts your thinking.When you are depressed, your mind can play tricks on you. †¢ Depression makes you selfish. It's very hard to think of other  people  when you're wrapped in a prickly blanket of sadness, and all you can think about is your own pain †¢ People don't choose to be depressed, but they do make a choice about how to deal with it †¢ Depression can be as hard on your loved ones as it is on you †¢ In the United States, around 3. 4% of  people  with major depression commit  suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicid e had depression or another mood disorder