State of Art Paper on Use of Geotextiles in Waste Water Treatment - 1925 Words

State of Art Paper on Use of Geotextiles in Waste Water Treatment (Research Paper Sample) Content: State of Art Paper on Use of Geotextiles in Waste Water TreatmentAbstract:A large section of population in developing countries lives in rural areas. The typical rural settlement is characterized by lack of infrastructure facilities like poor road connectivity, limited access to safe and potable water supply and lack of proper sanitation facilities. Rural sanitation encompasses components like, waste water management, solid waste management, domestic waste management, domestic sanitation practices, personal hygiene and overall village sanitation. The conventional approach for waste water management, collecting the waste water away from settlement with the help of network of drains and treating it, is not an affordable option in case of rural areas. The onsite management of waste water is an option that has to be explored in detail. It involves use of locally available materials or low cost technical inputs to ensure efficient and effective treatment of the waste wate r. One of the emerging technologies for on-site domestic waste water management is use of geotextiles. This paper is an attempt to review various technical aspects of use of geotextiles for waste water treatment.Keywords: waste water, rural sanitation, geotextiles. Introduction:In majority of the developing countries, a major portion of the population resides in rural areas. Most of the population living in rural areas does not have access to basic sanitation facilities.According to UNICEF/WHO joint management plan (JMP), 36% (2.5 billion) of the world population lack improved sanitation facilities. Inadequate access to sanitation facilities leads to impoverishment alongwith drop in productivity levels, thereby affecting overall socio-economic development (1). The rural sanitation programme is a total sanitation package that includes, waste management (solid as well as liquid), domestic sanitation and hygiene and overall community sanitation. This paper focuses on the waste water tr eatment aspects only. Most of the wastewater is generated from local water supply to the community. The water quality gets degraded by domestic, cattle and other uses in the rural areas. Setting up of conventional wastewater treatment plants in rural areas is not an affordable option. On-site treatment processes like soak pits, septic tanks etc. help to reduce the pollutant load in the wastewater making it a good option for recycling other than human consumption.Composition of wastewater:On an average, a typical home generates a waste water flow of around 45-90 gal/person/day. As per Corbitt (1989) (2), wastewater is characterized by five major indices viz. suspended solids, biodegradable material, pathogens, nutrients and dissolved inorganic solids. Most of the domestic wastewater generated in rural areas remains untreated and allowed to accumulate at low point in the rural area. The accumulated water may infiltrate the ground water table and pollute the major source of water suppl y in the rural areas. The pollution of ground water sources with pathogens and other pollutants may lead to epidemic diseases in the community. The important quality indices that are used to assess the wastewater effluent are dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, turbidity, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS). Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) is a measure of capability of the water body to support aquatic life. Biodegradation of organic material in the wastewater discharge reduces the oxygen in the water body. The presence of pathogens in the water body is measured in terms of fecal coliform expressed as colonies/100ml. On-site wastewater treatment systems:A typical on-site wastewater treatment system treats the wastewater effluent before it infiltrates the soil or is discharged in the water body. The various treatment mechanisms can be categorized in two major types viz. treatment systems and soil absorption systems (3). The treatment systems comprise of Aerobic treatment units (ATU), Fixed A ctivated Sludge Treatment (FAST), Recirculating sand filter, Trickling filter, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) to name a few. The soil absorption system comprises of Mound system, sub-surface drip system and peat field. Of all these on-site treatment systems, the septic tank system is widely used system for individual households or settlement with sparse population (like rural areas). The effluent from septic tank is then discharged into soil absorption field that works on the principle of sub-surface wastewater infiltration system. Septic tanks remove large suspended material that can easily settle in the tank. It acts as an anaerobic bioreactor causing partial degradation of organic wasteunder anaerobic conditions. The effluent from septic tank comprises of pathogenic micro-organisms and nutrients like nitrates, phosphorous etc. This effluent coming out of septic tanks can either be directly subjected to soil infiltration through mound system or sub-surface drip system or is allowe d to pass through bio-filters embedded in soil layers that help in decomposition of the organic matter and nutrients in the effluent. Mound system of soil absorption:This is one of the simplest and affordable systems to treat the effluent coming out from septic tanks (3, 4). The mound is a layered structure comprising of sand layer (separates the wastewater application layer from groundwater level), absorption area (stores the wastewater before it infiltrates to the ground water thereby absorbing waste material in the effluent), low pressure distribution (system of pipes to uniformly distribute the wastewater over absorption area), geotextile fabric (prevent entry of soil particles in the absorption area thereby reducing chances of clogging in the absorption area) layer of sandy loam (retains some water that can be used for vegetative cover that will be grown over the mound) and top soil layer (which supports growth of vegetation). The mound system purifies the wastewater through th ree mechanisms viz. filtration, chemical sorption and assimilation (aerobic digestion of wastewater nutrients).Geotextiles:Geotextiles are a class of geosynthetics that are used for repair and protection works in infrastructure construction projects (5). They are primarily used for separation, reinforcement, filtration and drainage functions. The use of geotextiles in wastewater treatment processes is a relatively new concept. The material to be adopted for wastewater treatment depends on surface texture, filtration efficiency (pore size), soil particle size, biofilm forming ability and biofilm retentivity. The pore size distribution of the geotextile can be determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. The performance of the geotextile as an efficient filter also depends on the quality of wastewater. The turbidity of the wastewater is a measure for the efficiency of the textile. Clear water is considered a reference for measuring clogging potential and permeability efficiency. The g eotextiles are usually synthetic fibres. They are classified on the basis of composition (polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester), thickness and length (continuous filament or short staple). The design of the geotextile filter material depends on three main factors, permeability of the geotextile, soil retention and adequate service life performance. The permeability performance of geotextile is influenced by particle size distribution. The particle size distribution of a geotextile is a unique property of a particular type of geotextile. The knowledge of particle size distribution of the geotextile helps in estimation of geotextile permeability. Hydraulic performance of geotextiles:The hydraulic performance of the geotextiles is a measurement of its efficiency in treating the wastewater effluent from the septic tank. The efficiency of the operation of geotextile is measured by gradient ratio test (ASTM D5101). This test is an evaluation of soil-geotextile compatibility. The grad ient ratio is defined as ratio of hydraulic gradient in the soil-geotextile composite to that in the soil itself. Under ideal conditions, the gradient ratio should be unity. The determination of gradient ratio is crucial to determine the stability and clogging potential of the particular soil-geotextile interaction. If the gradient ratio is less than one, then a more permeable zone is developed on the u/s of geotextile due to movement of fine particles resulting in smaller head loss. This causes piping failure in the system. If the gradient ratio is greater than one, then clogging of the geotextile takes place due to accumulation of fines in the geotextile openings. Thus, the gradient ratio test is a measure to check compatibility between particular soil-geotextile combinations. Based on the soil particle size and type, two processes are related to the geotextile performance viz. blocking and clogging. The coarse sized soil particles are related to blocking of the geotextile pores, while the fine particle size is related to clogging of the fabric pores. The type of soil structure formed at the u/s of the geotextile determines the efficiency of the geotextile treatment process. In case of well graded soils, due to the formation of bridge network, the soil-geotextile interface has increased efficiency in soil particle retention. In case of silty soils or sandy soils with clay, vault network is formed between soil-geotextile interfaces. Both these structures are desirable for capture of suspended solids in the filter voids. In case a layer of fine grained soils with low permeability is formed over the coarse grained soil sample, the infiltration of effluent water is severely affected by this layer. This phenomenan is called as blinding. Blocking and clogging processes are also related to the type of geotextile fabric used. Blocking is usually related to woven geotextile fabrics, while clogging is related to thick...

Topics to Write an Essay: Why Writing an Essay is Not an Excuse to Avoid Exercising

Topics to Write an Essay: Why Writing an Essay is Not an Excuse to Avoid ExercisingWriting an essay is an experience that is difficult to describe without using words such as anxiety, apprehension, or fear. All of these words can come up in your mind as you write your essay, and they will influence your feeling about writing. If you are prone to thinking about writing an essay and dreading it, you may need to find other ways to help you relax your nerves.Many people have learned to break the habit of dreading their essays so that they can go ahead and write an essay. Doing so will allow you to feel relaxed and more at ease with yourself. As you read these topics to write an essay tips, one thing that you may want to consider is starting out by setting aside some time to write your essay.If you are a workaholic and feel like you cannot stand being alone, start by doing this. When you start to write the essay, you will be able to ease away the tension and allow yourself to be at ease w ith yourself. As you progress with your writing process, the more comfortable you will be with it and the more likely you will get better results.Essays can be stressful because of the many things that you need to address. In order to become confident in your ability to write an essay, it will be necessary for you to start by setting aside some time to do it. In fact, this may be an excellent way to get started in the right frame of mind.Before you begin writing, spend time figuring out how much time you have left in the day and whether you are going to be able to manage it. If you need more time for working on the essay, then it will be necessary for you to find another alternative, such as breaking it up into parts. It is easier to work on a smaller piece of the essay at a time. While you are working on the essay, pay attention to how you structure it, and make sure that it has a good flow. If you do not have a good flow in your essay, you may end up losing valuable writing time. In addition, if you have trouble with grammatical correctness, you may want to check out what ESL English Tutors can help you with.When you find the right mindset for writing, you will also be able to relax. Once you find a good method to relax your mind, you can go ahead and break away from the habit of dreading your essays. Most students who have managed to successfully write an essay begin their essays by setting aside a couple of hours for them each day.If you are someone who is naturally a workaholic, this is an easy task. Start by setting aside some time to write and break away from the usual routine that you may be accustomed to. In fact, by following a few of these topics to write an essay tips, you will be able to help yourself feel more relaxed when you write an essay.

The Pain of Mit College Essay Samples

<h1> The Pain of Mit College Essay Samples</h1> <h2> What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Mit College Essay Samples </h2> <p>Possessing great exposition models gives the peruser a top to bottom and on-the-court thought regarding what an all around organized and lucid article seems like. This area comprises of two instances of unrivaled school essays.</p> <p>Sit down, consider the story you wish to compose. Envision the quality of composing you'll get from a modest article composing administration. Stephen's paper is very powerful. Offer an exposition regarding any matter of your choice. </p> <p>The absolute initial step to any exposition composing is to pick a subject of intrigue. With our scholarly essayists you'll never face such an issue. These creators see how to tell a story. In conclusion, consider this supplemental paper a way to communicate how good you're with the school you're applying to.</p> <h2> Using Mit College Essay Samples </h2> <p>AdmitSee has the best database of effective school application records to assist you with overcoming the affirmation season. In any case, attempt to recall that any application methodology is a technique of influence. Remember this is a piece of your school application! Having said that, I very much want applications including M.I.T.. </p> <p>If you're not ready to be persuading without lying, you're applying to the inaccurate school or using the erroneous methodology. Despite what significant you plan on examining, remember to uncover confirmation officials how you expect to capitalize on MIT's scholarly projects. When there are loads of pieces that go into a school program, you have to. Taking part in such a gigantic report from starting to complete has approved my enthusiasm for scholarly research for a profession.</p> <p>There is nothing superior to that. The ideal method to spot mistakes is by getting another person to peruse your work. The complete configuration of your exposition, for instance, text dimension and edges, will exclusively be founded on the directions gave to you. Let your tendency and tastes radiate through! </p> <p>Various things to different people, since the circumstance requested. There's more than 1 way to deal with recount to a story. Be certifiable, be straightforward, and don't be concerned in the event that you haven't been keen on the specific thing since age three. You're a fascinating person. </p> <h2>A Secret Weapon for Mit College Essay Samples </h2> <p>You'll watch a comparative structure in a great deal of the expositions. You may likewise begin your articles during the late spring, furnishing you with a lot of time for altering. These sorts of expositions are ensured to nap off your perusers. These seven example expositions react to a scope of provocative questions.</p> <p>Don't neglect to start your exposition strongit ought to have the option to start the interests of your perusers. The enormous piece of the exposition uses standard English and English language. You don't have to have the perfect composing aptitudes as an approach to be inventive and make a viable exposition. By doing that the understudy remains consistent with the absolute first passage in providing a perfectly clear bearing all through the full essay.</p> <p>Along with scholastic expansiveness, there are a bigger grouping of extra-curricular interests promptly accessible on the greater grounds. Find a confided in editor. </p> <h2> The Advantages of Mit College Essay Samples</h2> <p>She might want to create a distinction locally, and a person's life by handling their issues one fix at once. The utilization of the shout mark gives the sentence that Eureka second. Remember there isn't any way you will have the option to accommodate your tot al biography in your application. So start by review your activities. </p> <p>The movement you choose should be casual and one of a kind to you. Today I understand this experience significantly impacted my expert aspiration notwithstanding my private character. The subtleties really make this little experience wake up. Permit it to sit for a few days immaculate. </p>

College Admission Secrets Top Tips from Expert College Counselors

Get College Prep Info From Those Who Have Made Admission Decisions Before What does it take to get into your top-choice colleges? There are a number of admissions myths out there and various â€Å"tips and tricks† that promise to help students gain admission to their dream schools. At, we have access to college admission experts who know what colleges are looking for and what students can do to improve their chances of admission, and they’ve revealed some of their top admission tips for college bound students! The team of expert counselors is made up of former deans and directors of admission from some of the country’s top universities. They’ve been in the room where it all happens and have made the tough decisions that admissions officers are faced with today. We've brought you some insider information in the past with College Admission Secrets Pt. 1: How Colleges Read Applications, College Admission Secrets Pt. 2: What Does and Doesn’t Matter on Your College Application, College Admission Secrets Pt. 3: What Parents and Students Need to Know About College Applications and Decisions, and College Admissions Secrets: How the Admissions Committee Review Process Works. Here are some more college admission secrets they’ve revealed to help students have the best chance of being admitted to their top-choice colleges. Your Grades Are Most ImportantThere are a number of application elements that colleges evaluate when making admission decisions. While â€Å"hard factors† like grades and test scores are important, â€Å"soft factors† like essays, recommendations, activities, and more paint a more complete picture of who students are and what they hope to achieve with their college education. According to NACAC, these are the factors that colleges place the most weigh on, in order of importance. It’s important to make good grades and take challenging courses all throughout high school, and stay true to your interests and passions. After all, colleges want students to be genuine when applying to college. Be who you are, not who you think a particular college wants you to be. It’s Important to Start EarlyThe top college admissions advice that our expert college counselors give families is to start planning for college as early as possible. Colleges look at everything from 9th grade on, so it’s important for students to start taking appropriate courses, exploring their interests, and thinking about what they want out of their college education. For freshmen, college may seem far off, but there are a number of things they can do to start preparing for their admissions journey that doesn’t put too much pressure on them too early. Perfect Grades and Test Scores are Not Your Ticket InSo many students apply with perfect grades and test scores thinking that makes them a shoo-in for their dream colleges. While great grades and test scores are certainly attractive, those alone will not gain you admission to your top-choice colleges. Students should focus on academic success, while also devoting time toward exploring their interests, making an impact in their community, and participating in activities that help them do both. Neither is the EssayStudents also spend a great amount of time stressing over their college application essays. They’ll spend weeks or even months crafting the â€Å"perfect† essay, hoping it will land them in the â€Å"yes† pile. A great essay can definitely give students an edge, but the essay alone will never gain a student admission – or land them in the â€Å"no† pile. Again, there are many factors that colleges consider when evaluating applicants, and a stellar essay won’t negate the fact that a student doesn’t have the grades, courses, or demonstrated interest in a field they’re looking for. Students should use the essay to enhance their application by revealing something new about them that can’t be found anywhere else. Use the essay to provide context to the rest of your application and make you three-dimensional. Let your voice shine through. Colleges Want Well-Rounded ClassesIn the end, colleges want to build a well-rounded class made up of specialists. They want applicants who are genuine, have demonstrated an interest in a specific field of study, and have a clear vision of how they will fit into the college campus and make an impact should they be admitted. Need more help navigating the college admissions process? Download our free admissions guide for more information on admission decisions, application options, testing, building a college list, and more! For more tips from our team of expert college counselors join our mailing list and check out additional tip videos here.

Four Tips For Writing An Essay On The Electoral College

Four Tips For Writing An Essay On The Electoral CollegeFor some students, one of the most challenging things in college is learning how to write an essay on the electoral college. This task requires students to dig into a topic that may not be at all familiar to them. Fortunately, the process can be made easier by following these four tips.In your homework, identify a common ground on which to base your topic. This is usually because of the commonality of curriculum. Students tend to stick to a topic that is familiar to them.An excellent essay topic can be one that challenges the student. Do not let it seem as though you are just regurgitating information without any originality. Instead, try to see if there is something new in this topic for your students. Students may be tempted to simply copy information from you, but they might be surprised when they realize that your topic is original.A good source of information about the electoral college and the history of the election system can be found through the library. Students can obtain information from the books and journals available. Sometimes, they will discover a more unique or interesting way to approach the subject. Remember, however, that research and the option of multiple sources are essential to students in order to make their coursework original.Students can find that they have many questions when it comes to the electoral college. To help them formulate their topics, they should ask other students what information they had about the subject. In addition, they should continue to seek answers on their own. It is up to the student to find the answers, so they must be willing to ask questions on their own.Ask your instructor if there is anything from the school's website that you can use, such as the course outlines or lesson plans. Check with the university president for extra advice. The internet is often a great source of information. Students should be able to find links to specific information and resources.What type of material do you want to cover? Do you want to cover the history of the electoral college or perhaps the workings of the electoral college itself? Would you like to examine how the college works, what the role of a federal legislative body is, or the qualifications for election? If you have a clear idea of what you would like to cover, the next step is finding that information.Each individual student will have different course goals. When it comes to the election, there is no right or wrong answer. Rather, it is a matter of seeking a topic that is appropriate for the student, based on the subject matter that they already know.

Research Paper Topics on Racial Issues

Research Paper Topics on Racial IssuesWhen it comes to writing a research paper, it is essential that you find out more about the topic of racial issues so that you can write your paper effectively. For this reason, here are some things that you should be familiar with when researching for topics about racial issues.If you want to succeed in research paper topics on racial issues, you should first understand what is happening in the country today. You should learn about the people in your country and understand what they are going through. Understanding these issues will help you find ways to contribute to the discussion. You should also try to find out how to contribute to solving these issues, especially in the areas of racism and racial discrimination.There are many instances where people take advantage of another person by telling them what they should do in regard to racial issues. This can include the police force and other people in the community. If you find out about these i nstances, then you should write about them in your research paper.There are many reasons why you should write about racial issues in your research paper. You should first write about the benefits of diversity in a country.You should also write about discrimination based on race, color, national origin, ethnicity, religion, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or status. It is very important to know the effects of discrimination because you will be helping society understand the importance of creating an environment where discrimination is not possible. Your research paper should also discuss the importance of diversity. This includes asking yourself what your contribution to the society would be when there is no discrimination and diversity is present.You should also try to find out how the past has changed in relation to racial issues in the present. When you do this, you will find out how society has progressed in terms of diversity. You should also be aware of the role that technology has played in the progress of race relations.You should also try to find out how other people in your society handle the issue of discrimination in a good way. Your research paper should consider how to get your message across effectively to people in your society. The second section of your research paper should focus on the importance of discussing these issues in your society. You should also ask yourself how you can contribute to discussing these issues in a good way.In order to write a good research paper on racial issues, you should first become knowledgeable about these issues. You should do your best to learn as much as you can about how people have been affected by discrimination and how these issues are affecting society. You should also find out how technology is changing the way people interact in society and how these changes affect people's lives.